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Table 2 Crude odds ratios for CCA associations with various risk factors

From: Association between praziquantel treatment and cholangiocarcinoma: a hospital-based matched case–control study

Characteristics

Cases (n = 210)

Controls (n = 840)

Crude OR

95 % CI

P-value

Number of PZQ treatments (times)

-

-

1.33

1.16 - 1.51

<0.001

Number of PZQ treatments (times)

    

<0.001

 0

48.5

65.9

1

-

 

 1

32.9

24.4

1.93

1.35 - 2.77

 

 2

8.6

4.9

2.72

1.45 - 5.07

 

 More than 2

10.0

4.8

3.20

1.75 - 5.74

 

Test for linear trend (1df)

    

<0.001

Highest educational attainment

    

0.003

 Primary school

79.1

68.1

1

-

 

 Secondary school

3.8

6.2

0.51

0.24 - 1.10

 

 High school or Diploma

9.5

10.5

0.76

0.45 - 1.28

 

 Bachelor’s degree

7.6

15.2

0.40

0.23 - 0.71

 

Herbicide use

    

0.375

 No

79.5

82.0

1

-

 

 Yes

20.5

18.0

1.20

0.80 - 1.80

 

Rodenticide use

    

0.001

 No

70.5

81.1

1

-

 

 Yes

29.5

18.9

1.81

1.28 - 2.57

 

Insecticide use

    

0.884

 No

87.6

87.3

1

-

 

 Yes

12.4

12.7

0.97

0.60 - 1.56

 

Fungicide use

    

0.421

 No

96.7

97.6

1

-

 

 Yes

3.3

2.4

1.45

0.58 - 3.61

 

Smoking behavior

    

0.045

 Never smoked

45.2

50.1

1

-

 

 Smoker

54.8

49.9

1.74

1.01 - 3.00

 

Alcohol use

    

0.030

 Never used

33.8

40.0

1

-

 

 Drinkers

66.2

60.0

1.60

1.05 - 2.45

 

Salted fresh water fish, salted meat

    

0.474

 No

11.0

12.7

1

-

 

 Yes

89.0

87.3

1.19

0.73 - 1.94

 

Raw, partially cooked raw fish (e.g. Lap-Pla, Koi-Pla)

    

<0.001

 No

38.6

61.7

1

-

 

 Yes

61.4

38.3

3.10

2.18 - 4.40

 

Fermented product (e.g. Pla-chao, Pla-chom)

    

<0.001

 No

23.3

35.1

1

-

 

 Yes

76.7

64.9

1.87

1.30 - 2.71

 

Grilled/smoked meat

    

0.892

 No

1.4

1.3

1

-

 

 Yes

98.6

98.7

0.91

0.25 - 3.36

 

Chinese sausage/other sausages

     

 No

35.2

23.0

1

-

<0.001

 Yes

64.8

77.0

0.54

0.38 - 0.75

 

Fermented fish (Pla-ra)

    

0.041

 No

1.4

4.6

1

-

 

 Yes

98.6

95.4

3.5

1.06 - 11.5

 

History of cancer in family

    

<0.001

 No

50.0

72.1

1

-

 

 Yes

50.0

27.9

2.56

1.87 - 3.51

 

Combining variables

     

Local nitrite-containing foods

    

0.156

 No

57.6

62.9

1

  

 Yes

42.4

37.1

1.25

0.92 - 1.71

 

Environmental chemical use

    

<0.001

 No

55.7

68.7

1

  

 Yes

44.3

31.3

1.81

1.31 - 2.50