Characteristics | Cases (n = 210) | Controls (n = 840) | Crude OR | 95 % CI | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of PZQ treatments (times) | - | - | 1.33 | 1.16 - 1.51 | <0.001 |
Number of PZQ treatments (times) | <0.001 | ||||
0 | 48.5 | 65.9 | 1 | - | |
1 | 32.9 | 24.4 | 1.93 | 1.35 - 2.77 | |
2 | 8.6 | 4.9 | 2.72 | 1.45 - 5.07 | |
More than 2 | 10.0 | 4.8 | 3.20 | 1.75 - 5.74 | |
Test for linear trend (1df) | <0.001 | ||||
Highest educational attainment | 0.003 | ||||
Primary school | 79.1 | 68.1 | 1 | - | |
Secondary school | 3.8 | 6.2 | 0.51 | 0.24 - 1.10 | |
High school or Diploma | 9.5 | 10.5 | 0.76 | 0.45 - 1.28 | |
Bachelor’s degree | 7.6 | 15.2 | 0.40 | 0.23 - 0.71 | |
Herbicide use | 0.375 | ||||
No | 79.5 | 82.0 | 1 | - | |
Yes | 20.5 | 18.0 | 1.20 | 0.80 - 1.80 | |
Rodenticide use | 0.001 | ||||
No | 70.5 | 81.1 | 1 | - | |
Yes | 29.5 | 18.9 | 1.81 | 1.28 - 2.57 | |
Insecticide use | 0.884 | ||||
No | 87.6 | 87.3 | 1 | - | |
Yes | 12.4 | 12.7 | 0.97 | 0.60 - 1.56 | |
Fungicide use | 0.421 | ||||
No | 96.7 | 97.6 | 1 | - | |
Yes | 3.3 | 2.4 | 1.45 | 0.58 - 3.61 | |
Smoking behavior | 0.045 | ||||
Never smoked | 45.2 | 50.1 | 1 | - | |
Smoker | 54.8 | 49.9 | 1.74 | 1.01 - 3.00 | |
Alcohol use | 0.030 | ||||
Never used | 33.8 | 40.0 | 1 | - | |
Drinkers | 66.2 | 60.0 | 1.60 | 1.05 - 2.45 | |
Salted fresh water fish, salted meat | 0.474 | ||||
No | 11.0 | 12.7 | 1 | - | |
Yes | 89.0 | 87.3 | 1.19 | 0.73 - 1.94 | |
Raw, partially cooked raw fish (e.g. Lap-Pla, Koi-Pla) | <0.001 | ||||
No | 38.6 | 61.7 | 1 | - | |
Yes | 61.4 | 38.3 | 3.10 | 2.18 - 4.40 | |
Fermented product (e.g. Pla-chao, Pla-chom) | <0.001 | ||||
No | 23.3 | 35.1 | 1 | - | |
Yes | 76.7 | 64.9 | 1.87 | 1.30 - 2.71 | |
Grilled/smoked meat | 0.892 | ||||
No | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1 | - | |
Yes | 98.6 | 98.7 | 0.91 | 0.25 - 3.36 | |
Chinese sausage/other sausages | |||||
No | 35.2 | 23.0 | 1 | - | <0.001 |
Yes | 64.8 | 77.0 | 0.54 | 0.38 - 0.75 | |
Fermented fish (Pla-ra) | 0.041 | ||||
No | 1.4 | 4.6 | 1 | - | |
Yes | 98.6 | 95.4 | 3.5 | 1.06 - 11.5 | |
History of cancer in family | <0.001 | ||||
No | 50.0 | 72.1 | 1 | - | |
Yes | 50.0 | 27.9 | 2.56 | 1.87 - 3.51 | |
Combining variables | |||||
Local nitrite-containing foods | 0.156 | ||||
No | 57.6 | 62.9 | 1 | ||
Yes | 42.4 | 37.1 | 1.25 | 0.92 - 1.71 | |
Environmental chemical use | <0.001 | ||||
No | 55.7 | 68.7 | 1 | ||
Yes | 44.3 | 31.3 | 1.81 | 1.31 - 2.50 |