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Table 3 Associations between maternal pregnancy history, body size, and breastfeeding with retinoblastoma using unconditional logistic regression

From: A case–control study of sporadic retinoblastoma in relation to maternal health conditions and reproductive factors: a report from the Children’s Oncology group

 

Controls

Unilateral cases (n = 165)

Bilateral cases (n = 87)

 

(N = 136)

 

Crudea

Adjustedb

 

Crudea

Adjustedb

 

N (%)

N (%)

OR

OR (95 % CI)

N (%)

OR

OR (95 % CI)

Maternal history of stillbirth

1 (0.7)

5 (2.7)

4.8

2.1 (0.2, 20.9)

2 (2.1)

4.1

2.9 (0.2, 49.8)

Order of index pregnancy

       

 First pregnancy

55 (38.2)

60 (32.6)

1.0

Referent

33 (35.1)

1.0

Referent

 Second pregnancy

39 (27.1)

57 (31.0)

1.4

1.4 (0.8, 2.7)

32 (34.0)

1.6

1.8 (0.8, 3.8)

 Third and above

50 (34.7)

67 (36.4)

1.3

1.2 (0.7, 2.2)

29 (30.9)

1.1

1.2 (0.6, 2.4)

Order of index child

       

 First child

71 (49.3)

86 (46.7)

1.0

Referent

46 (49.5)

1.0

Referent

 Second child

40 (27.8)

68 (37.0)

1.5

1.6 (0.9, 2.8)

27 (29.0)

1.2

1.3 (0.6, 2.7)

 Third and above

33 (22.9)

30 (16.3)

0.8

0.7 (0.4, 1.4)

20 (21.5)

1.1

1.1 (0.5, 2.5)

Ever breastfed index child

120 (85.1)

137 (74.9)

0.5

0.5 (0.2, 0.9)

74 (79.6)

0.6

0.7 (0.3, 1.6)

Breastfeeding duration

       

 None or <1 month

25 (18.7)

47 (28.5)

1.0

Referent

19 (24.4)

1.0

Referent

 1–6 months

66 (49.3)

67 (40.6)

0.5

0.5 (0.3, 0.9)

36 (46.2)

0.7

0.8 (0.3, 1.8)

 7–11 months

21 (15.7)

16 (9.7)

0.4

0.3 (0.1, 0.8)

7 (9.0)

0.4

0.6 (0.2, 1.8)

 12+ months

22 (16.4)

35 (21.2)

0.8

1.0 (0.4, 2.2)

16 (20.5)

1.1

1.0 (0.3, 2.7)

Gave index child formula while breastfeeding

68 (58.1)

78 (56.9)

1.0

0.9 (0.5, 1.5)

38 (54.3)

0.8

0.7 (0.4, 1.5)

Mother’s BMI at the start of pregnancy

       

 Underweight (BMI:<18.5)

5 (3.5)

10 (5.4)

1.9

2.6 (0.7, 9.4)

8 (8.4)

3.8

4.5 (1.0, 20.1)

 Normal (BMI: 18.5- < 25)

90 (62.1)

101 (54.9)

1.0

Referent

50 (52.6)

1.0

Referent

 Overweight (BMI:25- < 30)

31 (21.4)

45 (24.5)

1.3

1.2 (0.7, 2.3)

20 (21.1)

1.3

1.2 (0.5, 2.6)

 Obese (BMI: ≥ 30)

19 (13.1)

28 (15.2)

1.4

1.1 (0.5, 2.5)

17 (17.9)

1.6

1.0 (0.4, 2.5)

Weight gain in pregnancy

       

 Low weight gain

23 (17.0)

26 (14.7)

0.9

0.8 (0.4, 1.8)

12 (13.0)

0.8

0.8 (0.3, 2.0)

 Normal weight gain

51 (37.8)

64 (36.2)

1.0

Referent

34 (37.0)

1.0

Referent

 High weight gain

61 (45.2)

87 (49.2)

1.1

1.1 (0.6, 1.8)

46 (50.0)

1.0

0.8 (0.4, 1.6)

Father’s BMI at the start of pregnancy

       

 Underweight (BMI:<18.5)

1 (0.7)

2 (1.2)

2.8

2.2 (0.1,34.6)

2 (2.2)

3.2

3.1 (0.2, 47.5)

 Normal (BMI: 18.5- < 25)

36 (25.7)

33 (20.1)

1.0

Referent

32 (35.2)

1.0

Referent

 Overweight (BMI:25- < 30)

57 (40.7)

84 (51.2)

1.6

1.7 (0.9, 3.1)

33 (36.3)

0.7

0.7 (0.4, 1.5)

 Obese (BMI: ≥ 30)

76 (32.8)

45 (27.4)

1.1

1.0 (0.4, 1.9)

24 (25.4)

0.6

0.6 (0.3, 1.3)

  1. a Adjusted for the matching variable, child’s age at interview
  2. bAdjusted for the child’s age at interview, mother’s race/ethnicity, mother’s educational attainment, and household income