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Fig. 2 | BMC Cancer

Fig. 2

From: Downregulation of programmed cell death 10 is associated with tumor cell proliferation, hyperangiogenesis and peritumoral edema in human glioblastoma

Fig. 2

Characterization of the regional and cellular localization of PDCD10 immunoreactivity in GBM. a Histopathological feature of GBM. H&E staining outlined multiple pseudopalisades. A typical pseudopalisade is composed of peripheral cellular pseudopalisading (arrows) around a necrotic center (asterisks). b and c Laminin staining. Microvascular hyperplasia (violet-colored structure) was found predominantly close to the pseudopalisading. Peripheral cellular pseudopalisading (arrows) was highlighted by the counterstaining. d-g Immunostaining of PDCD10. PDCD10 immunoreactivity was absent in the necrotic center (asterisk in d). High magnification view of the white box in d indicated that PDCD10 immunoreactivity was not detected in infiltrating tumor cells distant from necrotic area but was exclusively present in peripheral cellular pseudopalisading (e). Negative staining control omitting the primary antibody did not show any detectable signal (f), whereas the staining on a control brain section detected intensive immunoreactivity of PDCD10 (g). h-m Double staining of PDCD10 (green) with different cellular markers (red). PDCD10-positive cells in peripheral cellular pseudopalisading were not co-localized with GFAP (low magnification view in h and high magnification view in the inserted box). In the necrosis-distant area (infiltration area), tumor cells were positively labelled with GFAP but were negative to PDCD10-staining (i); meanwhile numerous microvessel-like structures in this infiltration area did not show PDCD10 immunoreactivity (arrows in i). Absence of PDCD10 in endothelial cells of the microvessels was confirmed by the double staining of PDCD10 and CD31 (arrows in k). These PDCD10-negative vessels exhibited proliferating activity as evidenced by the staining with PCNA (arrow and inserted box in l). In contrast, the thrombosed vessel (arrow in m) did not label with PCNA rather induced PDCD10 expression in surrounding tumor cells (m). Some of PDCD10 positive cells were co-labelled with macrophage marker CD68 (arrows in j)

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