Table 5 Adherence outcomes

Smith Warner 2000 ³¹

Based upon clinic attendance, Attendance averaged 93 % of all clinic visits

^a 86 % met or exceeded the fruit and vegetables goals of the intervention

88 %

2 % (2/100) inappropriately randomised, 10 % (10/100) reason not reported

Baseline and at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months.

Objective and subjective; diet records and measurement of biological markers (concentrations of carotenoids, lipids, sodium and potassium).

Attendance monitored by intervention provider

Lanza 2001 ³²

Not specified and inadequate data reported

Dietary goals met;

89 %

4 % (43/1037) died,

Baseline and end of each year plus unannounced 24 h dietary recall in 10 % of participants each year.

Supplementary adherence data was extracted from Sansbury 2009 ³⁶

25.6 % (210/821) met 9–12 goals

7 % (71/1037) withdrew due to illness, moved clinical centre, did not wish to continue

Subjective and objective, food frequency questionnaire, 4 day food records and 24 h dietary recalls and measurement of biological markers (concentrations of carotenoids and lipids)

45 % (366/821) met 4–8 goals

29.8 % (245/821) met 0–3 goals.

Data reported did not allow distinction between the 3 dietary goals being evaluated

Emmons 2005 ³³

60 % received 4 to 5 intervention telephone calls conducted by health educators

Physical activity goals met by 13 % (76/591)

83 %

No dropout reported

Baseline and end of 8 month study period. Subjective only–22 item food frequency and 24 item (CHAMPS) activity questionnaire.

Dietary targets met;

Receipt of telephone calls monitored by intervention provider

20 % (118/591) met fruit and vegetable goals

18 % (104/591) met red meat goals

Caswell 2009 ³⁴

Insufficient data reported to enable calculation

Physical activity goals met by 47 % (15/32)

78 %

Dropout calculated as 22 % (9/41)

Baseline and end of 12 week study period. Subjective only–24 h recall of fruit and vegetables and food frequency questionnaire to provide fibre consumption score (recorded mid week) and 7 day physical activity recall questionnaire.

Dietary targets;

^a Fruit and vegetable goals met by 84 % (27/32)

^a Fibre goals met by 53 % (17/32)

Anderson 2014 ³⁵

97 % attended all face to face sessions (3 sessions)

Data reported do not allow calculation of the % achieving 150 min per week, moderate intensity physical activity

91 %

15 participants withdrew, 7 gave no reason,

Baseline, 3 and 12 months.

59 % completed all of the 9 planned telephone calls

Dietary targets;

3 withdrew due to health concerns, 1 moved, 2 reported personal reasons and 2 were unable to commit.

Subjective and objective, self reported daily diary and food frequency questionnaire measurement body weight, waist circumference, blood pressure, and of biological markers (e.g., total, low and high density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, glycated haemoglobin and insulin)

95 % completed 5 of 9 telephone calls

^a Fruit and vegetable goals met by 73 % met.

SenseWear armband worn for 7 days to measure daily expenditure and minutes of moderate intensity exercise.

Trained lifestyle counsellor recorded attendance