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Table 1 Details of previous AV biofeedback investigations

From: Audiovisual biofeedback breathing guidance for lung cancer patients receiving radiotherapy: a multi-institutional phase II randomised clinical trial

Investigation author (Year)

Participants

Findings

George [23] (2006)

24 lung cancer patients

• Residual breathing motion within a gating window improved

Venkat [13] (2008)

10 healthy volunteers

• Waveguide breathing guidance produced more regular breathing than bar-model guidance and free breathing

Yang [22] (2012)

Phantom study

• 4D PET image quality improved

An [36] (2013)

Retrospective analysis of George (2006) data

• CTV coverage improved

• Internal motion variation improved

Kim, [21] Pollock, [37] & Steel [38] (2012–2014)

15 healthy volunteers

• Kim (2012): Breathing regularity of thoracic diaphragm and abdominal wall improved

• Pollock (2013): Accuracy of kernel density estimation motion prediction improved

• Steel (2014): Strong correlation between internal and external anatomic motion for both AV biofeedback and free breathing

Lee [24] (2014)

5 healthy volunteers

• Improved 3D MR image quality

• Reduced gated MRI scan time

Lu [39] (2014)

13 lung & liver cancer patients

• Breathing regularity improved

• ITVMIP underestimated ITV10

Lee [40] (2014)

7 lung cancer patients

• Improved intrafraction lung tumour motion consistency

• Improved interfraction lung tumour motion consistency