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Table 2 Subgroup analysis of odds ratio of hot beverages and foods and esophageal cancer

From: Consumption of hot beverages and foods and the risk of esophageal cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies

 

No of reports

OR

(95% CI)

I 2

P for heterogeneity

Sex

     

Men

8

2.36

1.53–3.65

87.60%

0.001

Women

7

2.45

1.51–3.98

85.60%

0.001

Combined

37

1.78

1.49–2.16

89.30%

0.001

Type of EC

     

ESCC

26

1.60

1.29–2.00

88.70%

0.001

EAC

4

0.79

0.53–1.16

50.30%

0.110

NR

20

2.35

1.90–2.91

80.70%

0.001

Study quality

     

Score ≥ 7

2

2.73

2.06–3.62

12.90%

0.284

Score < 7

45

1.78

1.49–2.14

90.40%

0.001

Study location

     

Asia

28

2.06

1.62–2.61

91.70%

0.001

South America

13

1.52

1.25–1.85

66.70%

0.001

Europe

5

0.95

0.68–1.34

62.40%

0.031

Africa

1

12.78

6.95–23.5

.

0.001

Measurement domain

     

Temperature categories

33

1.84

1.54–2.21

83.80%

0.001

Whether consuming or not

5

2.14

0.94–4.88

98.30%

0.001

Preference

4

1.44

0.88–2.35

66.30%

0.031

Frequency

5

1.71

1.24–2.36

68.90%

0.012

Beverages and foods domain

     

Tea

8

1.88

1.16–3.07

94.30%

0.001

Mate

10

1.72

1.43–2.07

47.50%

0.046

Foods

11

2.09

1.71–2.56

57.80%

0.008

Others

18

1.73

1.19–2.49

93.70%

0.001

Controlling age in models

     

Yes

17

1.6

1.24–2.07

88.50%

0.001

No

30

1.98

1.55–2.52

91.30%

0.001

Controlling smoking in models

     

Yes

29

1.61

1.26–2.07

89.30%

0.001

No

27

2

1.56–2.55

90.50%

0.001

Controlling alcohol intake in models

     

Yes

19

1.56

1.21–2.02

88.00%

0.001

No

28

2.03

1.59–2.59

91.60%

0.001

Study setting

     

Population

14

1.52

1.07–2.16

94.1%

0.001

Hospital

24

2.10

1.56–2.82

89.8%

0.001

NR

9

1.73

1.44–2.06

59.7%

0.040

Exposure assessment

     

Interview

14

1.33

1.03–1.71

80.0%

0.001

Questionnaire

33

2.07

1.67–2.57

91.5%

0.001

Outcome assessment

     

Histology

30

1.68

1.36–2.07

88.2%

0.001

Record

17

1.90

1.50–2.41

86.3%

0.001

  1. Abbreviations: EC = esophageal cancer; ESCC = esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; EAC = esophageal adenocarcinoma; NR = not reported.