NAT1 and NAT2 genetic polymorphisms and environmental exposure as risk factors for oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a case-control study

BMC Cancer

Table 4 Association of NAT2 acetylator phenotype with OSCC risk upon exposure to environmental risk factors in Black and Mixed Ancestry South Africans

			NAT2 rapid acetylators				NAT2 slow/intermediate acetylators
Population	Risk factors	Variables	Controls	Cases	OR (95% CI)^a	P-value	Controls	Cases	OR (95% CI)^a	P-value
Black
	Tobacco smoking	Never smokers	49	39	1 (Ref)		206	132	1 (Ref)
		Smokers^b	38	51	2.58 (0.80-8.25)	0.111	180	220	2.76 (1.69-4.52)	<0.0001
	Tot cigarettes/day	0	49	39	1 (Ref)		206	132	1 (Ref)
		≤9	23	31	2.23 (0.67-7.36)	0.189	112	143	3.27 (1.93-5.54)	<0.0001
		≥10	13	19	3.79 (0.92-15.7)	0.066	58	72	2.49 (1.34-4.62)	0.004
	Alcohol drinking	Non-drinkers	34	39	1 (Ref)		164	127	1 (Ref)
		Drinkers^c	53	51	0.94 (0.34-2.62)	0.903	221	224	0.91 (0.59-1.41)	0.675
	Red meat intake^d	3 times/week or less	−	55			−	198	1 (Ref)
		Daily or almost daily	−	5			−	31	1.67 (0.61-4.58)	0.316
	White meat intake^d	3 times/week or less	−	33			−	113	1 (Ref)
		Daily or almost daily	−	27			−	117	1.28 (0.72-2.29)	0.397
Mixed Ancestry
	Tobacco smoking	Never smokers	8	2	1 (Ref)		54	12	1 (Ref)
		Smokers^b	41	53	−	−	185	191	−	−
	Tot cigarettes/day	0	8	2	1 (Ref)		54	12	1 (Ref)
		≤9	22	25	−	−	96	58	−	−
		≥10	16	27	−	−	74	129	−	−
	Alcohol drinking	Non-drinkers	15	9	1 (Ref)		100	41	1 (Ref)
		Drinkers^c	34	47	2.43 (0.65-9.15)	0.188	138	162	2.77 (1.38-5.58)	0.004
	Red meat intake^d	3 times/week or less	−	31			−	75	1 (Ref)
		Daily or almost daily	−	5			−	43	3.55 (1.29-9.82)	0.019
	White meat intake^d	3 times/week or less	−	20			−	51	1 (Ref)
		Daily or almost daily	−	16			−	66	1.80 (0.81-4.02)	0.149

Samples with unknown acetylator status are not shown.
Ref = reference allele.
^aOR was adjusted for age, gender, smoking and alcohol consumption status; OR was not calculated for subgroups with low sample size.
^bSmokers = current and former smokers.
^cDrinkers = light to heavy alcohol drinkers.
^dCase-only analysis has been performed for red meat intake due to lack of data from control individuals.