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Table 1 Characteristics of the population study and effect of tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, and red meat intake on OSCC risk

From: NAT1 and NAT2 genetic polymorphisms and environmental exposure as risk factors for oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a case-control study

  

Black

Mixed Ancestry

  

Demographic/risk factors

Variables

Controls (%)

Cases (%)

OR (95% CI)a

P-value

Controls (%)

Cases (%)

OR (95% CI)a

P-value

Gender

Males

235 (49)

229 (49)

  

178 (62)

177 (66)

  

Females

245 (51)

234 (51)

  

110 (38)

92 (34)

  

Age

Mean (SDb)

56.7 (15.0)

59.6 (10.7)

  

57.7 (14.3)

60.7 (10.3)

  

Tobacco smoking

Never smokers

258 (54)

181 (39)

1 (Ref)

 

62 (22)

15 (6)

1 (Ref)

 

Smokersc

222 (46)

280 (60)

1.79 (1.39-2.33)

<0.0001

226 (78)

250 (93)

4.57 (2.53-8.27)

<0.0001

Unknown

0 (0)

2 (0.4)

  

0 (0)

4 (1)

  

Total cigarettes/day

0

258 (54)

181 (39)

1 (Ref)

 

62 (21)

15 (6)

1 (Ref)

 

<10

137 (28)

179 (39)

1.86 (1.39-2.49)

<0.0001

118 (41)

85 (31)

2.98 (1.59-5.59)

0.001

≥10

73 (15)

95 (20)

1.85 (1.29-2.66)

0.001

90 (31)

160 (59)

7.35 (3.95-13.6)

<0.0001

Unknown

12 (2)

8 (2)

  

18 (6)

9 (3)

  

Alcohol drinking

Non-drinkers

201 (42)

175 (38)

1 (Ref)

 

115 (40)

51 (19)

1 (Ref)

 

Drinkersd

278 (58)

286 (62)

1.18 (0.91-1.53)

0.211

172 (60)

215 (80)

2.82 (1.92-4.15)

<0.0001

Unknown

1 (0.2)

2 (0.4)

  

1 (0.3)

3 (1)

  

Tobacco smoking + alcohol drinking

Never smokerse

257 (53)

180 (39)

1 (Ref)

 

62 (21)

15 (6)

1 (Ref)

 

Smokers/non-drinkers

41 (8)

33 (7)

1.15 (0.70-1.89)

0.583

75 (26)

37 (14)

2.04 (1.02-4.06)

0.042

Smokers/drinkers

181 (38)

247 (53)

1.95 (1.49-2.55)

<0.0001

150 (52)

213 (79)

5.87 (3.22-10.7)

<0.0001

Unknown

1 (0.2)

3 (0.6)

  

1 (0.3)

4 (1)

  

Red meat intake

3 times/week or less

−

261 (56)

  

−

108 (40)

  

Daily or almost daily

−

37 (8)

  

−

50 (19)

  

Unknown

−

165 (36)

  

−

111 (41)

  

White meat intake

3 times/week or less

−

151 (33)

  

−

75 (28)

  

Daily or almost daily

−

148 (32)

  

−

82 (30)

  

Unknown

−

164 (35)

  

−

112 (42)

  

Fish

3 times/week or less

−

289 (62)

  

−

146 (54)

  

Daily or almost daily

−

9 (2)

  

−

11 (4)

  

Unknown

−

165 (36)

  

−

112 (42)

  

Vegetables

3 times/week or less

−

243 (52)

  

−

54 (20)

  

Daily or almost daily

−

53 (11)

  

−

101 (37)

  

Unknown

−

165 (36)

  

−

114 (42)

  

Fried food

3 times/week or less

−

291 (63)

  

−

135 (50)

  

Daily or almost daily

−

5 (1)

  

−

20 (7)

  

Unknown

−

167 (36)

  

−

114 (42)

  
  1. aCrude odds ratio was calculated.
  2. bSD = standard deviation of the mean.
  3. cSmokers = current and former smokers.
  4. dDrinkers = light to heavy alcohol drinkers.
  5. eNever smokers (including drinkers and non-drinkers).
  6. Ref = reference allele.
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BMC Cancer

ISSN: 1471-2407

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