Advertisement
Table 1 Characteristics of the population study and effect of tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, and red meat intake on OSCC risk
| Black | Mixed Ancestry | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic/risk factors | Variables | Controls (%) | Cases (%) | OR (95% CI)a | P-value | Controls (%) | Cases (%) | OR (95% CI)a | P-value |
| Gender | Males | 235 (49) | 229 (49) | 178 (62) | 177 (66) | ||||
| Females | 245 (51) | 234 (51) | 110 (38) | 92 (34) | |||||
| Age | Mean (SDb) | 56.7 (15.0) | 59.6 (10.7) | 57.7 (14.3) | 60.7 (10.3) | ||||
| Tobacco smoking | Never smokers | 258 (54) | 181 (39) | 1 (Ref) | 62 (22) | 15 (6) | 1 (Ref) | ||
| Smokersc | 222 (46) | 280 (60) | 1.79 (1.39-2.33) | <0.0001 | 226 (78) | 250 (93) | 4.57 (2.53-8.27) | <0.0001 | |
| Unknown | 0 (0) | 2 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 4 (1) | |||||
| Total cigarettes/day | 0 | 258 (54) | 181 (39) | 1 (Ref) | 62 (21) | 15 (6) | 1 (Ref) | ||
| <10 | 137 (28) | 179 (39) | 1.86 (1.39-2.49) | <0.0001 | 118 (41) | 85 (31) | 2.98 (1.59-5.59) | 0.001 | |
| ≥10 | 73 (15) | 95 (20) | 1.85 (1.29-2.66) | 0.001 | 90 (31) | 160 (59) | 7.35 (3.95-13.6) | <0.0001 | |
| Unknown | 12 (2) | 8 (2) | 18 (6) | 9 (3) | |||||
| Alcohol drinking | Non-drinkers | 201 (42) | 175 (38) | 1 (Ref) | 115 (40) | 51 (19) | 1 (Ref) | ||
| Drinkersd | 278 (58) | 286 (62) | 1.18 (0.91-1.53) | 0.211 | 172 (60) | 215 (80) | 2.82 (1.92-4.15) | <0.0001 | |
| Unknown | 1 (0.2) | 2 (0.4) | 1 (0.3) | 3 (1) | |||||
| Tobacco smoking + alcohol drinking | Never smokerse | 257 (53) | 180 (39) | 1 (Ref) | 62 (21) | 15 (6) | 1 (Ref) | ||
| Smokers/non-drinkers | 41 (8) | 33 (7) | 1.15 (0.70-1.89) | 0.583 | 75 (26) | 37 (14) | 2.04 (1.02-4.06) | 0.042 | |
| Smokers/drinkers | 181 (38) | 247 (53) | 1.95 (1.49-2.55) | <0.0001 | 150 (52) | 213 (79) | 5.87 (3.22-10.7) | <0.0001 | |
| Unknown | 1 (0.2) | 3 (0.6) | 1 (0.3) | 4 (1) | |||||
| Red meat intake | 3 times/week or less | − | 261 (56) | − | 108 (40) | ||||
| Daily or almost daily | − | 37 (8) | − | 50 (19) | |||||
| Unknown | − | 165 (36) | − | 111 (41) | |||||
| White meat intake | 3 times/week or less | − | 151 (33) | − | 75 (28) | ||||
| Daily or almost daily | − | 148 (32) | − | 82 (30) | |||||
| Unknown | − | 164 (35) | − | 112 (42) | |||||
| Fish | 3 times/week or less | − | 289 (62) | − | 146 (54) | ||||
| Daily or almost daily | − | 9 (2) | − | 11 (4) | |||||
| Unknown | − | 165 (36) | − | 112 (42) | |||||
| Vegetables | 3 times/week or less | − | 243 (52) | − | 54 (20) | ||||
| Daily or almost daily | − | 53 (11) | − | 101 (37) | |||||
| Unknown | − | 165 (36) | − | 114 (42) | |||||
| Fried food | 3 times/week or less | − | 291 (63) | − | 135 (50) | ||||
| Daily or almost daily | − | 5 (1) | − | 20 (7) | |||||
| Unknown | − | 167 (36) | − | 114 (42) | |||||
