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Table 4 Summary of associations between residential environment and breast cancer mortality

From: Residential environment and breast cancer incidence and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Author, year (location)

Main area based measure/contrast

Stratification variable

Age-adjusted rates per 100,000

Ratio measures

P-value Trend

Income

[26]Blot, 1977 (United States)

High income vs. low income

Northeast, <10,000

a 25.2 vs. 24.1

  

South, <10,000

a 18.0 vs. 16.2

b Rate Ratio: 1.05

 

Central, <10,000

a 22.0 vs. 20.9

b Rate Ratio: 1.11

 

West, <10,000

a 20.7 vs. 20.3

b Rate Ratio: 1.05

 

Northeast, 250,000+

a 30.2 vs.28.1

b Rate Ratio: 0.99

 

South, 250,000+

a 25.1 vs. 22.9

b Rate Ratio: 1.07

 

Central, 250,000+

a 28.6 vs. 26.4

b Rate Ratio: 1.08

 

West, 250,000+

a 26.8 vs. 23.6

b Rate Ratio: 1.14

 

Poverty

[4]Harper, 2009 (United States)

Highest vs. lowest SES

Year of death: 1987

85.1 vs. 102.7

b 0.83

 

Year of death: 2004

76.3 vs. 74.4

b 1.02

Composite SES

[23]Williams, 1991 (Australia)

Highest vs. lowest SES

 

a 68 vs. 57

b Rate Ratio: 1.19

 

[22]Pollock, 1997 (United Kingdom)

Highest vs. lowest SES

 

SMR: 99 (84–116) vs. 111 (93–132)

b Rate Ratio: 0.89

 

[38]Panczak, 2012 (Switzerland)

Lowest vs. highest SES

  

c Hazard Ratio: 0.96 (0.87-1.05)

0.826

Urbanization

[29]Dobson, 2010 (Australia)

Remote vs. major urban centers

  

d Hazard Ratio: 0.47 (0.06-3.42)

 

[36]Markossian, 2012 (United States)

Rural vs. urban

  

e Hazard Ratio: 1.04 (0.85-1.26)

0.748

  1. a Age adjusted rates.
  2. b Calculated age-adjusted ratio measures for highest vs. lowest categories. Other ratio measures are presented as reported in the original article.
  3. c Adjusted for age, sex, nationality, marital status, level of urbanization, individual-level education and professional status.
  4. d Age-adjusted hazard ratio.
  5. e Adjusted for race, tumor stage, tumor grade, hormone receptor status and treatment (surgery/radiation).