Table 5 Meta-analyses of estimates of pancreatic cancer risk associated with ST for never smokers, using overall population estimates if never smoker estimates are not available^a

All studies

2,6,10,13,18,20,23

1.32(0.98–1.77)

1.14(0.67–1.93)

16.06 (6)

62.6

0.013

All preferring snuff to chewing^b

2,6,10,13,19,20,26

1.35(0.98–1.86)

1.08(0.64–1.82)

12.31 (6)

51.2

0.055

USA or Canada

2,13,18,20,23

1.08(0.73–1.58)

1.00(0.50–2.02)

11.92 (4)

66.4

0.018

Sweden or Norway^c

6,10

1.78(1.11–2.85)

1.61(0.77–3.34)

1.50 (1)

33.2

0.221

Cohort

2,6,10

1.75 (1.20–2.54)

1.75(1.20–2.54)

1.51 (2)

0.0

0.470

Case-control^d

13,18,20,23

0.81(0.49–1.32)

0.84(0.36–1.97)

8.48 (3)

64.6

0.037

Chewing tobacco

18,23

0.97(0.51–1.84)

1.22(0.27–5.55)

4.83 (1)

79.3

0.028

Snuff

6,10,19,26

1.54(1.00–2.37)

1.25(0.64–2.44)

4.54 (3)

33.9

0.209

ST unspecified

2,13,20

1.14(0.70–1.84)

0.89(0.33–2.40)

6.94 (2)

71.2

0.031

Never smoking exclusively

6,10,18,20,23

1.39(0.98–1.99)

1.28(0.71–2.30)

8.80 (4)

54.5

0.066

Excluding Third National Cancer Survey Study [16]

2,6,10,18,20,23

1.46(1.08–1.99)

1.38(0.88–2.15)

9.10 (5)

45.0

0.105