Inverse association of antioxidant and phytoestrogen nutrient intake with adult glioma in the San Francisco Bay Area: a case-control study

Table 1 Distribution of vitamin supplement intake, age, gender, ethnicity, income, education, body mass index and tumor type for eligible participants for combined series I & II; San Francisco Bay Area Adult Glioma Study, 1991–2000

Description		Cases¹
	Controls (N = 846)	All (N = 802)		Self-reported (N = 497)		Proxy-reported (N = 305)
Vitamin Supplement intake (% YES)	62.6	52.4	***	50.2	***	56.0	*
General Demographics
Age (median) ± SE²	55.1 ± 0.6	55.4 ± 0.6	ns	49.7 ± 0.7	***	64.7 ± 0.8	***
Gender as % Male	54.5	57.1	ns	58.6	ns	54.8	ns
Ethnicity as % White³	83.8	83.3	ns	83.9	ns	82.3	ns
Socio-economic Status Measures (%)
Household Income⁴
<$29,999	25.0	24.3	ns	17.4	***	36.0	***
$30,000–$69,999	40.8	39.8		38.5		42.1
≥$70,000	34.1	35.9		44.1		21.9
Highest Education
Less than high school	6.0	10.1	**	4.8	ns	18.7	***
High school, some college	48.5	48.9		47.5		51.2
College graduate and/or more	45.5	41.0		47.7		30.2
Socio-economic Status⁵
<High School education or income <$29,999	27.3	27.7	ns	19.1	***	41.6	***
≥High School graduate or income $30,000–$69,999	53.2	50.4		52.7		46.6
College graduate and income ≥ $70,000	19.5	22.0		28.2		11.8
Body Mass Index⁶ (median) ± SE²	25.7 ± 0.2	25.9 ± 0.2	ns	25.7 ± 0.2	ns	26.2 ± 0.3	ns
Tumors Types (%)
Glioblastoma		59.2		47.7		78.0
Anaplastic Astrocytoma		11.2		10.7		12.1
Astrocytoma		5.4		7.2		2.3
Oligodendroglioma		11.1		16.5		2.3
Oligoastrocytoma		6.2		8.5		2.6
Ependymoma		1.0		1.4		0.3
Other		5.9		8.1		2.3

¹ p-values for case-control comparisons (t-tests for continuous variables or chi-square tests for categorical variables): * p = 0.05, **p = 0.01, ***p = 0.001, or not significant (ns). ² SE = standard error. ³ The category other than white includes African-Americans, Chinese, Japanese, other Asians, Filipinos, Mexicans, other Latinos, and others. ⁴ Percentages do not total 100% due to "Refuse to Answer" and "Don't Know". ⁵ Categories for Socio-economic Status combine highest education attained and/or household income range. ⁶ BMI calculated from reported height and weight at interview.

ISSN: 1471-2407