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Proposed signaling pathway by which radioactive ¹²⁵I seeds inhibit epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cell growth in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells

Proposed signaling pathway by which radioactive¹²⁵I seeds inhibit epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cell growth in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells.¹²⁵I seeds act indirectly through radiolysis of water, thereby generating ROS and producing DNA damage. DNA damage activates the sensory ATM/ATR kinases and finally results in cell growth inhibition and G2/M arrest. Moreover, ROS induced by ¹²⁵I seeds can inhibit EMT via Cav-1 in GBM cells.