Figure 1

Flow chart of the study. Abbreviation: CT = chemotherapy. ^*High-risk patients: clinical presentation with intestinal occlusion or perforation, lymph nodes sampling <12, pT4, poorly differentiated tumour (G3-G4), vascular or perineural invasion. † Extent of surgery; Local excision (n = 334), no surgery (n = 1243), surgery (n = 2224) and missing (n = 933).