A case-control study of glycemic index, glycemic load and dietary fiber intake and risk of adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas of the esophagus: the Australian Cancer Study

Table 3 Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma according to glycemic index, glycemic load, and dietary carbohydrate intakes, Australia 2002-2005

	Controls	ESCC
	Controls	Multivariable model^a
	N = 1490	N = 227	OR, (95% CI)
Glycemic Index (median, range)^b
Q1: 46 (27-49)	374	60	1.00
Q2: 50 (49-51)	374	39	0.66 (0.41-1.05)
Q3: 53 (51-54)	368	58	1.01 (0.66-1.56)
Q4: 57 (54-71)	374	70	0.73 (0.46-1.14)
P-trend^c			0.44
Per 10 unit/day increment			0.89 (0.66-1.21)
Glycemic Load (median, range)^b
Q1: 95 (21-105)	373	85	1.00
Q2: 113 (105-120)	375	52	0.61 (0.40-0.92)
Q3: 126 (120-135)	371	48	0.67 (0.44-1.02)
Q4: 146 (135-259)	371	42	0.52 (0.33-0.82)
P-trend^c			0.006
Per 50 unit/day increment			0.70 (0.50-0.97)
Carbohydrate (g/day) (median, range)^b
Q1: 196 (94-212)	372	98	1.00
Q2: 224 (212-235)	375	58	0.81 (0.54-1.21)
Q3: 245 (235-256)	374	35	0.55 (0.35-0.87)
Q4: 273 (256-438)	369	36	0.46 (0.28-0.75)
P-trend^c			0.0005
Per 50 g/day increment			0.72 (0.56-0.92)
Starch (g/day) (median, range)^b
Q1: 74 (31-85)	372	91	1.00
Q2: 93 (85-100)	374	49	0.55 (0.36-0.84)
Q3: 107 (100-116)	372	44	0.52 (0.34-0.80)
Q4: 128 (116-249)	372	43	0.46 (0.29-0.71)
P-trend^c			0.0003
Per 50 g/day increment			0.60 (0.43-0.82)
Total sugars (g/day) (median, range)^b
Q1: 90 (25-106)	374	97	1.00
Q2: 116 (106-126)	371	35	0.54 (0.34-0.85)
Q3: 136 (126-148)	374	47	0.79 (0.51-1.23)
Q4: 168 (148-395)	371	48	0.83 (0.53-1.32)
P-trend^c			0.59
Per 50 g/day increment			0.86 (0.68-1.09)
Fiber (g/day) (median, range)^b
Q1: 21 (7-25)	371	93	1.0
Q2: 28 (25-30)	374	53	0.64 (0.43-0.97)
Q3: 33 (30-36)	372	45	0.45 (0.29-0.71)
Q4: 41 (36-74)	373	36	0.38 (0.23-0.63)
P-trend^c			<.0001
Per 10 g/day increment			0.64 (0.52-0.79)

^aMultivariable Model: adjusted for age, sex, education, BMI, smoking (pack years), physical activity, lifetime mean alcohol intake, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use, total fruit intake (except for fiber intake), red meat, processed meat, and total energy.
^bSex-specific quartile cut-off points are: glycemic index 47, 50, 53 for women and 49, 52, 55 for men; glycemic load 102, 117, 132 for women and 106, 121, 136 for men; carbohydrate 215, 237, 259 for women and 211, 234, 255 for men; starch 85, 100, 114 for women and 85, 100, 117 for men; sugar 115, 132, 151 for women and 102, 123, 145 for men; fiber 27, 32, 39 for women and 24, 29, 35 for men.
^cLikelihood ratio test for trend across dietary variables quartiles by using an ordinal variable coded as the median value of the quartile.

ISSN: 1471-2407