Figure 4
A: Levels of p-Src in xenograft tissues (ELISA assay). Variations of p-Src among treatment groups were significant (p < 0.001 by Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA). Gemcitabine and GABA alone and in combination significantly reduced the levels of both phosphorylated signaling proteins whereas baclofen significantly increased their levels. Baclofen and nicotine each significantly reduced the inhibitory effects of gemcitabine on both proteins. GABA significantly restored the effects of gemcitabine in the presence of nicotine. All data are mean values and standard deviations of five randomly selected xenografts per treatment group. ★Significantly ( p < 0.01 by Mann–Whitney test) different from controls. ✖Significantly (p < 0.01 by Mann–Whitney test) different from gemcitabine alone. Significantly (p < 0.01 by Mann–Whitney test) different from treatment with gemcitabine plus nicotine. B: Levels of p-ERK in xenograft tissues (ELISA assays). Differences among treatment groups were significant (p < 0.0001 by Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA). Treatment-induced changes in p-ERK were similar to those of p-Src. Data are mean values and standard deviations of five randomly selected xenografts per treatment group. ★Significantly ( p < 0.01 by Mann–Whitney test) different from controls. ✖Significantly (p < 0.01 by Mann–Whitney test) different from gemcitabine alone. Significantly (p < 0.01 by Mann–Whitney test) different from treatment with gemcitabine plus nicotine.