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Table 4 Effect modification by smoking status on the association between cardiac glycosides and lung cancer incidence

From: Cardiac glycosides use and the risk of lung cancer: a nested case–control study

Smoking status

Cases

Controls

Adjusted RR (95% CI)a

P value for interaction

Never

134

4780

  

  No use, n (%)

92

3270

1.00 (Reference)

0.37

  Ever use, n (%)

42

1510

1.08 (0.74-1.58)

Ever

1031

6531

 

  No use, n (%)

722

4568

1.00 (Reference)

  Ever use, n (%)

309

1963

1.06 (0.90-1.24)

Unknown

72

1009

 

  No use, n (%)

46

690

1.00 (Reference)

  Ever use, n (%)

26

319

1.55 (0.93-2.58)

 
  1. aAdjusted on BMI indication of CG use excessive alcohol use history of tobacco-related conditions history of lung diseases factors associated with sexual hormonal disorders drugs potentially associated with lung cancer (statins aspirin oral anticoagulants and antiplatelets non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs anti-hypertensives oral bisphosphonates anti-diabetic drugs) and amiodarone.
  2. RR Rate Ratio.