Figure 6
In vivo antitumor effects of NDV/FMW enhanced by chloroquine and rapamycin. Mice bearing A549/PTX or A549/DDP tumors were randomized into four groups: (A) vehicle-treated, (B) rapamycin (5 mg/kg) via intraperitonealy (i. p.) three times a week, or chloroquine (CQ) (45 mg/kg) alone via i.p. three times a week, (C) NDV/FMW (1 × 107 TCID50 per dose) via intratumoral administration three times a week, (D) NDV/FMW plus CQ or rapamycin (same dose as in the above groups), CQ or rapamycin was administrated 1 d before virus injection. (A-D) One week after treatment, tumor tissue samples from two different animals from each treatment group (of six) were subjected to either hematoxylin–eosin (H&E) staining (The upper of A and B,tumor necrosis indicated by the arrows) or TUNEL assay (The lower of A and B, arrowheads indicate brown 3,3'-diaminobenzidine chromogen in cell nuclei) or immunoblot analysis of cleaved caspase-3 levels and LC3II abundance (C, D). β-Actin was used as a loading control. (E, F) Mice were treated as described above for two weeks. Tumor volumes were measured at 5-day intervals for 40 days after injections and expressed as the mean ± SD (n = 10) in tumor volume–time curves. The difference in tumor regression was significant between the virus-treated and vehicle groups (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01); group receiving the combined treatment and the single-treatment (virus alone or drugs alone) group (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01). No statistically significant difference was observed between the groups receiving the single treatments and vehicle-treated group.