Figure 3

Pharmacological autophagy modulators enhance NDV/FMW-induced cytotoxicity. A549/DDP and A549/PTX as well as parental cells were treated with chloroquine (CQ, or rapamycin or vehicle for 30 min and infected with NDV/FMW (MOI = 10) or mock-infected for various times. (A) LC3II conversion and caspase-3 cleavage at 24 h post-infection were monitored by immunoblot analysis. The ratios of LC3II to β-Actin are presented below the blots. CQ (7.5 μM) and rapamycin (125 nM) were used. (B) Cell viability at 24 and 48 h post-infection (hpi) was determined by the MTT assay. CQ (5 μM) and rapamycin (100 nM) were used. Data presented are mean ± SD calculated from three independent experiments (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01). (C and D) Cells at 24 and 48 h post-infection were double-stained with annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide (PI), apoptosis was assessed by FACS analysis. CQ (5 μM) and rapamycin (100 nM) were used. Bar graph summarized the percentage of apoptotic cells from three independent experiments (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01).