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Table 2 Association of serum perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) levels to colorectal cancer diagnosis (N=208 colorectal cancer cases, 47,151 cancer free controls) in adults aged 21 and older

From: Inverse association of colorectal cancer prevalence to serum levels of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in a large Appalachian population

 

CRC cases (N)

Controls (N)

Adjusted for age

Adjusted for age, race, gender, SES, marital status, lifestyle factors*, BMI, menopausal status, and comorbidityŧ

Also adjusted for metabolic/physiologic profile** and gastrointestinal symptoms¥

 

Odds ratio

95% CI

P

Odds ratio

95% CI

P

Odds ratio

95% CI

P

 

Lower

Upper

Lower

Upper

Lower

Upper

PFOS quartiles

              

 First (0.25-13.5 ng/mL)

79

11657

1.00

Referent

  

1.00

Referent

  

1.00

Referent

  

 Second (13.6-20.1 ng/mL)

39

11788

0.39

0.26

0.57

<0.00001

0.35

0.24

0.53

<0.00001

0.38

0.25

0.59

<0.00001

 Third (20.2-29.1 ng/mL)

42

11838

0.33

0.23

0.48

<0.00001

0.30

0.20

0.45

<0.00001

0.27

0.17

0.42

<0.00001

 Fourth (≥ 29.2 ng/mL)

48

11868

0.27

0.19

0.39

<0.00001

0.23

0.15

0.34

<0.00001

0.24

0.16

0.37

<0.00001

 Test for trend

     

<0.00001

   

<0.00001

   

<0.00001

 Per unit increase PFOS (ng/mL)

  

0.97

0.96

0.98

<0.00001

0.96

0.95

0.97

<0.00001

0.96

0.95

0.97

<0.00001

PFOA quartiles

              

 First (0.25-13.4 ng/mL)

58

11588

1.00

Referent

  

1.00

Referent

  

1.00

Referent

  

 Second (13.5-27.8 ng/mL)

36

11988

0.50

0.33

0.77

0.001

0.47

0.31

0.74

0.001

0.48

0.31

0.75

0.001

 Third (27.9-71.2 ng/mL)

49

11796

0.53

0.36

0.78

0.001

0.49

0.33

0.74

0.001

0.51

0.34

0.77

0.001

 Fourth (≥ 71.3 ng/mL)

65

11779

0.64

0.45

0.92

0.02

0.61

0.42

0.89

0.01

0.64

0.44

0.94

0.02

 Test for trend

     

0.002

   

0.001

   

0.002

 Per unit increase PFOA (ng/mL)

  

1.00

1.00

1.00

0.42

1.00

1.00

1.00

0.35

1.00

1.00

1.00

0.46

  1. Abbreviations: BMI body mass index (kg/m2), CI Confidence interval, CRP C-reactive protein, HRT hormone replacement therapy, SES socioeconomic status.
  2. *Lifestyle factors include smoking (never, former, current); current alcohol consumption (yes/no); vegetarian diet (yes/no); exercise (regular exercise program (yes/no)); SES includes years of education, annual household income, and employment status/disability.
  3. ŧComorbidity includes physician diagnosis of comorbid conditions (heart, kidney, liver, immune, connective tissue, and thyroid disease, stroke, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or asthma) and current treatment for hypertension or hyperlipidemia.
  4. **Serum lipid profiles, C-reactive protein, estradiol, and uric acid.
  5. ¥Diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, bloating, blood stools, and indigestion.