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Table 1 Individual components of the healthy lifestyle index score and their distribution among Māori and non-Māori participants

From: Healthy lifestyle and risk of breast cancer for indigenous and non-indigenous women in New Zealand: a case control study

Lifestyle factor and index score

Māori

Non-Māori

 

(n = 776)

(n = 2435)

 

Case

Control

Case

Control

 

%

%

P

%

%

P

P*

Recommendation: Limit intake of red meat

Marker: Red meat

  0

≥5 times per week

20.6

20.8

 

15.7

16.4

  

  0.5

3-4 times per week

56.4

48.9

 

54.2

54.0

  

  1

≤2 times per week

23.0

30.3

0.213

30.1

29.6

0.894

0.029

Recommendation: Choose a variety of protein foods

Marker: White meat

  0

None

1.7

 

3.0

4.2

  

  0.5

1-2 times per week

58.7

49.7

 

60.3

61.9

  

  1

≥3 times per week

41.3

48.6

0.081

36.7

33.9

0.145

<0.001

Recommendation: Increase the amount and variety of seafood

Marker: Fish

        

  0

None

9.5

14.2

 

12.6

15.3

  

  0.5

1-2 times per week

74.6

72.8

 

82.4

78.6

  

  1

≥3 times per week

15.9

13.1

0.309

5.0

6.1

0.070

<0.001

Recommendation: Limit consumption of energy-dense foods

Marker: Cream

  0

≥3 times per week

33.3

32.8

 

42.3

39.4

  

  0.5

1-2 times per week

55.6

54.1

 

43.8

42.5

  

  1

None

11.1

13.1

0.832

13.9

18.1

0.019

<0.001

Recommendation: Reduce the intake of calories from solid fats

Marker: Cheese

  0

≥3 times per week

45.2

44.0

 

55.4

57.4

  

  0.5

1-2 times per week

50.8

49.1

 

41.4

37.0

  

  1

None

4.0

6.9

0.465

3.2

5.7

0.004

<0.001

Recommendation: Eat mostly foods of plant origin

Marker: Vegetables & fruit

  0

<28 servings per week

77.2

76.6

 

65.6

64.3

  

  0.5

≥28-< 35

11.9

10.3

 

13.8

15.8

  

  1

≥35

11.9

13.1

0.831

20.7

19.9

0.376

<0.001

Recommendation: Limit alcoholic drinks

Marker: Alcohol

  0

5+ drinks per time

42.9

39.1

 

10.3

11.0

  

  0.5

1-4

42.9

50.3

 

78.2

79.7

  

  1

Non-drinker

14.3

10.6

0.242

11.5

9.3

0.221

<0.001

Recommendation: Do not smoke

Marker: Smoking

  0

Current

31.0

27.1

 

8.2

11.7

  

  0.5

Former

48.4

44.5

 

36.5

33.8

  

  1

Never

20.6

28.5

0.191

55.3

54.6

0.017

<0.001

Recommendation: Be physically active as part of your everyday life

Marker: Exercise (strenous + moderate Godin score)

  0

<24

61.1

59.1

 

56.1

54.4

  

  0.5

≥24-< 36

26.2

19.2

 

25.5

26.4

  

  1

≥36

12.7

21.7

0.033

18.4

19.2

0.713

0.002

Recommendation: Be as lean as possible without becoming underweight

Marker: BMI

  0

30+

39.7

37.9

 

21.8

20.7

  

  0.5

25-< 30

28.6

28.2

 

33.9

28.5

  

  1

<25

31.8

34.0

0.878

44.3

50.8

0.004

<0.001

Recommendation: Breastfeed infants for at least six months

Marker: Breastfeeding

  0

Never breastfeed

21.4

23.4

 

25.4

22.2

  

  0.5

Cumulative breastfeeding >0-< 6 months

21.4

13.1

 

19.9

17.4

  

  1

Cumulative breastfeeding ≥6 months

57.1

63.5

0.050

54.7

60.4

0.020

0.046

  1. P value: chi squared test between cases and controls.
  2. P* value: chi squared test between Māori and non-Māori controls.
  3. Recommendation sources: New Zealand Ministry of Health [2022]; World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research [6]; U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [24].