Lifestyle factor and index score | Māori | Non-Māori | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 776) | (n = 2435) | |||||||
Case | Control | Case | Control | |||||
% | % | P | % | % | P | P* | ||
Recommendation: Limit intake of red meat | ||||||||
Marker: Red meat | ||||||||
0 | ≥5 times per week | 20.6 | 20.8 | 15.7 | 16.4 | |||
0.5 | 3-4 times per week | 56.4 | 48.9 | 54.2 | 54.0 | |||
1 | ≤2 times per week | 23.0 | 30.3 | 0.213 | 30.1 | 29.6 | 0.894 | 0.029 |
Recommendation: Choose a variety of protein foods | ||||||||
Marker: White meat | ||||||||
0 | None | – | 1.7 | 3.0 | 4.2 | |||
0.5 | 1-2 times per week | 58.7 | 49.7 | 60.3 | 61.9 | |||
1 | ≥3 times per week | 41.3 | 48.6 | 0.081 | 36.7 | 33.9 | 0.145 | <0.001 |
Recommendation: Increase the amount and variety of seafood | ||||||||
Marker: Fish | ||||||||
0 | None | 9.5 | 14.2 | 12.6 | 15.3 | |||
0.5 | 1-2 times per week | 74.6 | 72.8 | 82.4 | 78.6 | |||
1 | ≥3 times per week | 15.9 | 13.1 | 0.309 | 5.0 | 6.1 | 0.070 | <0.001 |
Recommendation: Limit consumption of energy-dense foods | ||||||||
Marker: Cream | ||||||||
0 | ≥3 times per week | 33.3 | 32.8 | 42.3 | 39.4 | |||
0.5 | 1-2 times per week | 55.6 | 54.1 | 43.8 | 42.5 | |||
1 | None | 11.1 | 13.1 | 0.832 | 13.9 | 18.1 | 0.019 | <0.001 |
Recommendation: Reduce the intake of calories from solid fats | ||||||||
Marker: Cheese | ||||||||
0 | ≥3 times per week | 45.2 | 44.0 | 55.4 | 57.4 | |||
0.5 | 1-2 times per week | 50.8 | 49.1 | 41.4 | 37.0 | |||
1 | None | 4.0 | 6.9 | 0.465 | 3.2 | 5.7 | 0.004 | <0.001 |
Recommendation: Eat mostly foods of plant origin | ||||||||
Marker: Vegetables & fruit | ||||||||
0 | <28 servings per week | 77.2 | 76.6 | 65.6 | 64.3 | |||
0.5 | ≥28-< 35 | 11.9 | 10.3 | 13.8 | 15.8 | |||
1 | ≥35 | 11.9 | 13.1 | 0.831 | 20.7 | 19.9 | 0.376 | <0.001 |
Recommendation: Limit alcoholic drinks | ||||||||
Marker: Alcohol | ||||||||
0 | 5+ drinks per time | 42.9 | 39.1 | 10.3 | 11.0 | |||
0.5 | 1-4 | 42.9 | 50.3 | 78.2 | 79.7 | |||
1 | Non-drinker | 14.3 | 10.6 | 0.242 | 11.5 | 9.3 | 0.221 | <0.001 |
Recommendation: Do not smoke | ||||||||
Marker: Smoking | ||||||||
0 | Current | 31.0 | 27.1 | 8.2 | 11.7 | |||
0.5 | Former | 48.4 | 44.5 | 36.5 | 33.8 | |||
1 | Never | 20.6 | 28.5 | 0.191 | 55.3 | 54.6 | 0.017 | <0.001 |
Recommendation: Be physically active as part of your everyday life | ||||||||
Marker: Exercise (strenous + moderate Godin score) | ||||||||
0 | <24 | 61.1 | 59.1 | 56.1 | 54.4 | |||
0.5 | ≥24-< 36 | 26.2 | 19.2 | 25.5 | 26.4 | |||
1 | ≥36 | 12.7 | 21.7 | 0.033 | 18.4 | 19.2 | 0.713 | 0.002 |
Recommendation: Be as lean as possible without becoming underweight | ||||||||
Marker: BMI | ||||||||
0 | 30+ | 39.7 | 37.9 | 21.8 | 20.7 | |||
0.5 | 25-< 30 | 28.6 | 28.2 | 33.9 | 28.5 | |||
1 | <25 | 31.8 | 34.0 | 0.878 | 44.3 | 50.8 | 0.004 | <0.001 |
Recommendation: Breastfeed infants for at least six months | ||||||||
Marker: Breastfeeding | ||||||||
0 | Never breastfeed | 21.4 | 23.4 | 25.4 | 22.2 | |||
0.5 | Cumulative breastfeeding >0-< 6 months | 21.4 | 13.1 | 19.9 | 17.4 | |||
1 | Cumulative breastfeeding ≥6 months | 57.1 | 63.5 | 0.050 | 54.7 | 60.4 | 0.020 | 0.046 |