Table 5 Characteristics of case–control studies evaluating sugar consumption and ovarian cancer risk
Reference | Location | Cases/controls (n) | Dietary assessment | Time frame of dietary assessment | Sugar variables | Covariates | Effect modifiers | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case–control studies: population-based | ||||||||
Kuper et al, 2000 [11] | MA, NH (United States) | 549/516 | FFQ plus open ended section for unlisted foods | 1 year prior to index date | Caffeinated cola | Age, study center | Menopausal status, tumor histologic type | + association: highest level of consumption of caffeinated cola No evidence of effect modification |
McCann et al., 2003 [8] | NY (United States) | 124/696 | Interviewer-administered diet questionnaire (172 items) | 12 month period 2yr before interview | Snacks | age, education, total months menstruating, difficulty becoming pregnant, OC use, menopausal status, energy intake | None | No association: Snacks |
Pan et al., 2004 [9] | Canada | 442/2,135 | FFQ (69 items) | 2 years prior to index date | Baked desserts | age, province of residence, education, alcohol consumption, pack-years smoked, BMI, total kcal, physical activity, # of live births, menstruation years, menopause status | None | No association: baked desserts |
Kolahdooz et al, 2009 [6] | Australia | 717/806 | FFQ (123 items) | 1 year prior to index date | “Meat and fat”1 category: High-energy drinks and sweetened food and sugar | age, age squared, OC use, parity, education, energy intake | Tumor stage | No association: high-energy drinks and sweetened food and sugar did not explain the relationship between “meat and fat” and ovarian cancer |
Chandran et al., 2011 [17] | NJ (United States) | 205/390 | FFQ (110 items) | 6 months prior to index date | SoFAAS: total calories from solid fat, alcoholic beverages, and added sugar | Age, education, race, age at menarche, menopausal status, parity, OC use, HRT use, tubal ligation, BMI, energy intake, physical activity, smoking status, pack-years smoked | None | No association: SoFAAS |
Nagle et al., 2011 [35] | Australia | 1,366/1,414 | FFQ (136 items) | 1 year or if diet changed in last 6-12 mo, their usual diet | Total sugar | age, OC use, education, parity, BMI, menopausal status, energy intake | BMI, HRT use, menopausal status | No association: total sugar + association: total sugars among overweight/obese women. No effect modification by HRT use and menopausal status |
Case–control studies: hospital-based | ||||||||
Tzonou et al., 1993 [36] | Greece | 189/200 | FFQ (110 items) | 1 year prior to index date | Sucrose | Age, education, parity, age at first birth, menopausal status, energy intake | None | No association: sucrose |
Bosetti et al., 2001 [5]2 | Italy | 1,031/2,411 | FFQ (78 items, plus range of courses and dishes) | 2 year prior to index date | Desserts, Sugar | age, study center, year of interview, education, parity, OC use, energy intake | None | + association: sugar, Borderline + association: desserts |
Bidoli et al., 2002 [37]2 | Italy | 1,031/2,411 | FFQ (78 items, plus range of courses and dishes) | 2 year prior to index date | Sugar | age, study center, year of interview, education, parity, OC use, energy intake | Parity, menopausal status, energy intake, age, education, OC use | No association: sugar No evidence of effect modification |
Salazar-Martinez et al, 2002 [10] | Mexico | 84/629 | FFQ (116 items) | 1 year prior to index date | Sucrose, fructose, glucose, maltose, “bread and cereal”, “sweets and desserts”, “soda, coffee, and tea”, tortilla | age, energy intake, # of live births, recent changes in weight, physical activity, diabetes | None | No association: sucrose, fructose, glucose, maltose, bread and cereal, sweets and desserts, soda, coffee and tea, tortilla |