Benign prostatic hyperplasia is a significant risk factor for bladder cancer in diabetic patients: a population-based cohort study using the National Health Insurance in Taiwan

Table 5 Hazard ratios for bladder cancer with regards to diabetes duration and medications used for diabetic control in diabetic men with benign prostatic hyperplasia

	All ages			Age ≥60 years
	HR	95% CI	P value	HR	95% CI	P value
Diabetes duration
1-3 years vs. <1 year	0.992	(0.637, 1.546)	0.9731	1.117	(0.680, 1.835)	0.6610
3-5 years vs. <1 year	0.735	(0.471, 1.147)	0.1748	0.893	(0.546, 1.461)	0.6534
≥5 years vs. <1 year	0.679	(0.449, 1.027)	0.0664	0.784	(0.494, 1.246)	0.3035
Medications for diabetic control
Rosiglitazone (Yes vs. No)	1.124	(0.923, 1.369)	0.2443	1.115	(0.908, 1.370)	0.2994
Pioglitazone (Yes vs. No)	1.023	(0.752, 1.393)	0.8846	1.066	(0.774, 1.467)	0.6959
Sulfonylurea (Yes vs. No)	0.939	(0.742, 1.190)	0.6035	0.940	(0.734, 1.205)	0.6252
Meglitinide (Yes vs. No)	1.133	(0.934, 1.375)	0.2057	1.170	(0.958, 1.428)	0.1239
Metformin (Yes vs. No)	0.719	(0.590, 0.875)	0.0010	0.742	(0.604, 0.912)	0.0046
Acarbose (Yes vs. No)	1.045	(0.866, 1.261)	0.6471	1.034	(0.850, 1.258)	0.7407
Insulin (Yes vs. No)	0.893	(0.738, 1.081)	0.3465	0.880	(0.721, 1.073)	0.2062

HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval.
Models are adjusted for all variables in Table 1 and for potential detection examinations in Table 3.

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