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Table 4 Hazard ratios for bladder cancer with regards to benign prostatic hyperplasia

From: Benign prostatic hyperplasia is a significant risk factor for bladder cancer in diabetic patients: a population-based cohort study using the National Health Insurance in Taiwan

BPH

All ages

Age ≥60 years

HR

95% CI

P value

HR

95% CI

P value

All patients

      
  

N = 547584

  

N = 273648

 

I. BPH by status

      

 1. BPH/procedures (−) or (+)

1.794

(1.572, 2.047)

<0.0001

1.842

(1.600, 2.121)

<0.0001

 2. BPH/procedures (−)

1.709

(1.492, 1.958)

<0.0001

1.753

(1.517, 2.027)

<0.0001

  BPH/procedures (+)

2.459

(1.946, 3.109)

<0.0001

2.500

(1.960, 3.189)

<0.0001

II. BPH by duration

      

  <1 year

1.750

(1.430, 1.605)

<0.0001

1.769

(1.425, 2.195)

<0.0001

  1-3 years

1.844

(1.543, 2.203)

<0.0001

1.897

(1.571, 2.291)

<0.0001

  3-5 years

2.011

(1.680, 2.406)

<0.0001

2.125

(1.760, 2.566)

<0.0001

  ≥5 years

1.605

(1.341, 1.921)

<0.0001

1.623

(1.343, 1.962)

<0.0001

Sensitivity analyses

      

Excluding BPH with surgical procedure

   
  

N = 540958

  

N = 267656

 

I. BPH by status

1.740

(1.515, 1.740)

<0.0001

1.797

(1.549, 2.084)

<0.0001

II. BPH by duration

      

  <1 year

1.943

(1.557, 2.425)

<0.0001

1.975

(1.556, 2.507)

<0.0001

  1-3 years

1.756

(1.459, 2.112)

<0.0001

1.813

(1.490, 2.207)

<0.0001

  3-5 years

1.913

(1.589, 2.304)

<0.0001

2.025

(1.666, 2.462)

<0.0001

  ≥5 years

1.474

(1.220, 1.780)

<0.0001

1.506

(1.233, 1.839)

<0.0001

Excluding BPH without surgical procedure

   
  

N = 469058

  

N = 207696

 

I. BPH by status

2.525

(1.984, 3.212)

<0.0001

2.671

(2.078, 3.433)

<0.0001

II. BPH by duration

      

  <1 year

1.200

(0.760, 1.896)

0.4342

1.275

(0.796, 2.041)

0.3123

  1-3 years

3.983

(2.477, 6.404)

<0.0001

4.274

(2.614, 6.988)

<0.0001

  3-5 years

4.648

(2.818, 7.668)

<0.0001

5.246

(3.163, 8.701)

<0.0001

  ≥5 years

3.837

(2.588, 5.689)

<0.0001

3.984

(2.621, 6.057)

<0.0001

  1. BPH benign prostatic hyperplasia, HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval.
  2. Models are adjusted for all variables in Table 1 and for potential detection examinations in Table 3.
  3. The referent group in the models is patients without BPH.