Symptoms, CA125 and HE4 for the preoperative prediction of ovarian malignancy in Brazilian women with ovarian masses

Table 3 Prevalence of symptoms clusters/isolated symptoms according to tumor malignancy

Symptoms	Malignant positive N (%)	Benign positive N (%)	Crude odds ratio (95% CI)	p
Cluster abdomen	41(68.3)	36 (31.0)	4.7 (2.4 to 9.3)	<0.01
Cluster pain	33 (55.0)	26 (22.4)	4.2 (2.1 to 8.2)	<0.01
Cluster eating	27 (45.0)	14 (12.0)	5.9 (2.8 to 12.6)	<0.01
Cluster miscellaneous	21 (35.0)	18 (15.4)	2.9 (1.4 to 6.0)	0.01
Cluster digestion	18 (30.0)	10 (8.5)	4.5 (1.9 to 10.5)	0.01
Back Pain	17 (28.3)	10 (8.6)	4.1 (1.8 to 9.8)	<0.01
Able to feel abdominal mass	14 (23.3)	11 (9.4)	2.9 (1.2 to 6.8)	0.02
Cluster bladder	14 (23.3)	20 (17.1)	1.4 (0.7 to 3.1)	0.42
Leg swelling	6 (10.0)	11 (9.4)	1.1 (0.4 to 3.0)	1.0

Clusters of symptoms and isolated symptoms were defined by the Ward agglomerative method: abdomen (abdominal bloating and/or increased abdominal size); pain (pelvic and/or abdominal pain); eating (unable to eat normally and/or feeling full quickly); miscellaneous (fatigue and/or difficulty breathing); digestion (indigestion and/or nauseas/vomiting); back pain; able to feel abdominal mass; bladder (urinary urgency and/or frequent urination), leg swelling.

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