| Warning signs | Risk factors | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
 | Mean (95% confidence interval) | Analysis of variance (ANOVA) | Mean (95% confidence interval) | Analysis of variance (ANOVA) |
Age | Â | Â | Â | Â |
18–19 (n = 75) | 2.77 (2.08 – 3.46) | F (30.13) | 3.00 (2.27 – 3.72) | F (19.11) |
20–29 (n = 279) | 3.51 (3.14 – 3.88) | P < 0.001 | 4.08 (3.71 – 4.45) | P < 0.001 |
30–39 (n = 275) | 3.82 (3.47 – 4.17) |  | 4.18 (3.82 – 4.53) |  |
40–49 (n = 431) | 3.52 (3.14 – 3.80) |  | 4.09 (3.80 – 4.39) |  |
50–59 (n = 539) | 3.00 (2.75 – 3.25) |  | 3.59 (3.32 – 3.86) |  |
>60 (n = 780) | 1.93 (1.74 – 2.11) |  | 2.67 (2.45 – 2.89) |  |
Gender | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Male (n = 1030) | 2.82 (2.65 – 3.00) | F (0.99) | 3.53 (3.33 – 3.72) | F (0.31) |
Female (n = 1349) | 2.94 (2.78 – 3.11) | P > 0.05 | 3.46 (3.29 – 3.63) | P > 0.05 |
Ethnicity | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Malay (n = 1863) | 3.09 (2.96- 3.23) | F (21.77) | 3.70 (3.55 – 3.84) | F (19.70) |
Chinese (n = 332) | 2.32 (2.02 – 2.62) | P < 0.001 | 2.62 (2.31 – 2.94) | P < 0.001 |
Indian/Others (n = 184) | 1.87 (1.47 – 2.27) |  | 2.91 (2.43 – 3.38) |  |
Marital status | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Single (n = 330) | 3.19 (2.85 – 3.52) | F (8.2) | 3.60 (3.25 – 3.95) | F (6.7) |
Married (n = 1815) | 2.95 (2.82 – 3.09) | P < 0.001 | 3.59 (3.44 – 3.75) | P < 0.001 |
Divorce/separated (n = 21) | 1.80 (0.49 – 3.12) |  | 1.85 (0.73 – 2.97) |  |
Widowed (n = 204) | 2.02 (1.63 – 2.42) |  | 2.71 (2.29 – 3.12) |  |
Education | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Primary & secondary (n = 2222) | 2.77 (2.65 – 2.90) | F (55.43) | 3.38 (3.25 – 3.51) | F (38.04) |
Post-Secondary (n = 157) | 4.54 (4.08 – 5.00) | P < 0.001 | 4.99 (4.51 – 5.47) | P < 0.001 |
Income | Â | Â | Â | Â |
< RM 1000 (n = 1783) | 2.62 (2.49 – 2.76) | F (58.53) | 3.24 (3.09 – 3.38) | F (45.34) |
≥ RM 1000 (n = 596) | 3.68 (3.45 – 3.92) | P < 0.001 | 4.24 (3.99 – 4.49) | P < 0.001 |