Indirectly estimated absolute lung cancer mortality rates by smoking status and histological type based on a systematic review

Table 16 Further inverse-variance weighted regression analyses for all lung cancer

	Current smokers		Former smokers
	Males	Females	Males	Females
Overall deviance (d.f.)	14399 (69)	2926 (45)	2523 (69)	611 (45)
Drop in deviance (d.f.) and associated p value^a from including:
Trend^b (1 d.f.)	5136***	1490***	485***	56*
Continent^c (3 d.f.)	2981**	989***	173	148**
Trend given continent (1 d.f.)	6544***	928***	491***	33(*)
Continent given trend (3 d.f.)	4389***	427**	178	126*
Residual deviance^d (d.f.)	4875 (65)	1009 (41)	1860 (65)	430 (41)
Deviance explained	66.1%	65.5%	26.3%	29.6%
Means (SEs)^d:
Constant	4.43 (0.41)	3.18 (0.64)	5.02 (0.65)	4.68 (0.85)
Trend	0.36 (0.04)	0.57 (0.09)	0.21 (0.05)	0.26 (0.15)
Asia (not China)	-0.13 (0.41)	-0.37 (0.62)	-0.47 (0.67)	-0.79 (0.80)
Europe	1.09 (0.39)	0.01 (0.56)	0.02 (0.62)	-1.49 (0.67)
America	0.80 (0.39)	0.61 (0.53)	0.16 (0.62)	-0.52 (0.61)
Drop in deviance and p value^a from adding:^e
10 level region^f (6 d.f.)	2274***	237	539**	55
5 level period^g (3 d.f.)	1658**	181(*)	647***	34
Interactions of trend and continent (3 d.f.)	370(*)	402***	111	46

^a p values are coded as *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05, (*) p < 0.1. If no code is shown p ≥ 0.1. d.f. = degrees of freedom.
^b Linear trend in period scoring 1 = 1930–60, 2 = 1961–70, 3 = 1971–80, 4 = 1981–90, 5 = 1991–99.
^c Continent defined as China, Asia (not China), Europe or America.
^d For model including linear trend in period and continent. Note that estimates for Asia (not China), Europe and America are relative to rates for China.
^e Drop in deviance from adding the specific variable to the model including linear trend in period and continent.
^f Levels as shown in Tables 10, 11, 12 and 13.
^g This tests for departure from linear trend.

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