Physical and psychosocial benefits of yoga in cancer patients and survivors, a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Table 7 Pooled effects of yoga on physical and psychosocial outcomes in patients with breast cancer

Outcome	# studies	Pooled effect				Test of heterogeneity
Physical outcomes		d	95% CI	Z	P	I²	Q	P
Physical function	6	0.60	−0.05 to 1.25	1.81	0.07	87.51	40.03	<0.0001
	5^a	0.17	−0.06 to 0.40	1.48	0.14	0.00	1.20	0.88
Functional well-being	4	0.31	0.04 to 0.58	2.24	0.03	0.00	1.25	0.74
Psychosocial outcomes		d	95% CI	Z	P	I ²	Q	P
Distress	7	−0.95	−1.49 to −0.49	−4.04	<0.001	80.79	31.24	<0.001
	6^b	−0.75	−1.09 to −0.42	−4.39	<0.001	59.59	12.37	0.03
Anxiety	7	−1.25	−1.93 to −0.56	−3.64	<0.001	91.45	70.20	<0.001
	6^b	−0.77	−1.08 to −0.46	−4.86	<0.001	58.42	12.03	0.03
Depression	7	−1.47	−2.42 to −0.53	−3.05	0.002	93.29	89.46	<0.001
	6^b	−0.69	−1.02 to −0.37	−4.21	<0.001	42.15	8.64	0.12
Fatigue	7	−0.51	−0.79 to −0.22	−3.46	0.001	43.52	10.62	0.10
Sleep disturbance	4	−0.26	−0.53 to 0.02	−1.82	0.07	0.00	1.25	0.74
General HRQoL	7	0.88	0.25 to 1.50	2.75	0.006	86.49	44.41	<0.001
	6^a	0.61	0.16 to 1.06	2.50	0.008	69.79	16.55	0.005
	5^a,c	0.37	0.11 to 0.62	2.85	0.004	0.00	3.40	0.49
Emotional function	5	0.49	0.16 to 0.81	2.93	0.003	26.58	5.45	0.24
Social function	6	0.33	0.12 to 0.54	3.12	0.002	0.00	1.94	0.86

^a Excluding outlier Chandwani et al. 2010 [55]; ^b Excluding outlier Banerjee et al. [51]. ^c Excluding outlier Raghavendra et al. 2007 [49].