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Table 6 Summary of the effects of yoga compared to control on psychosocial outcomes

From: Physical and psychosocial benefits of yoga in cancer patients and survivors, a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

PSYCHOSOCIAL

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

Reference

[56]

[51]

[31]

[58]

[32]

[55]

[44]

[52]

[53]

[57]

[54]

[49]

[50]

[46]

[47]

[48]

Year

2011

2007

2003

2011

2009

2010

2004

2006

2009

2011

2007

2007

2009

2009a

2009b

2009c

Sample size

18

58

18

31

37

61

39

38

44

63

128

62

98

88

88

88

Treatment

AT

RT

HT

AT

AT

RT

Mix

AT

Mix

AT

Mix

CT

CT + RT

RT

RT

RT

Quality

high

high

low

high

high

high

High

high

high

high

high

high

high

high

high

high

Distress

 

↓

↓

N.S.

↓

N.S.

N.S.

    

↓

↓

↓

 

↓

Anxiety

 

↓

↓

  

N.S.

N.S.

   

↓

↓

↓

↓

  

Depression

 

↓

 

↓

 

N.S.

N.S.

 

↓

  

↓

 

↓

 

N.S.

Fatigue

↓

  

↓

↓

N.S.

N.S.

 

N.S.

N.S.

N.S.

     

Sleep disturbance

   

N.S.

↓

N.S.

↓

 

N.S.

      

↓

General HRQoL

↑

    

↑

 

↑

↑

N.S.

↑

↑

    

Emotional function

N.S.

    

N.S.

  

↑

N.S.

↑

   

↑

 

Social function

N.S.

    

N.S.

 

N.S.

N.S.

N.S.

↑

   

N.S.

 

Role function

     

N.S.

        

N.S.

 

Cognitive function

              

↑

 

Positive affect

        

↑

     

↑

 

Negative affect

        

↑

     

↑

 

Vigor

   

↑

↑

           

Mood

  

↑

 

↑

           

Anger-hostility

          

↓

     

Spirituality

        

↑

 

↑

     

Relaxation

  

↑

 

↑

           

Confusion

          

N.S.

     

Mental Health

     

N.S.

  

↑

       

Acceptance

    

↑

           
  1. ↑ = increase after yoga compared to control; ↓ decrease after yoga compared to control; N.S. no significant differences between yoga and control
  2. AT after treatment, CT chemotherapy, HT hormonal therapy, RT radiotherapy, mix, mixed group of patients during and after treatment.