Table 3 Description of physical and psychosocial outcomes and between group differences (yoga vs control), in alphabetical order of first author

Banasik, 2011 [56]

FACT

FACT

- Physical well-being

N.S.

- emotional well-being

N.S.

- Functional well-being

N.S.

- social well-being

N.S.

Cortisol, morning

N.S.

Breast cancer concerns

N.S.

Cortison, noon

P = 0.004

Fatigue

P = 0.003

Cortisol, 5 p.m.

P = 0.004

Cortisol, 10 p.m.

N.S.

Banerjee, 2007 [51]

DNA damage

14,5% less DNA damage in Yoga group; p < 0.001

Anxiety (HADS-A)

48% reduction in yoga group vs 28% increase in controls; p < 0.001

Depression (HADS-D)

57.5% decrease in yoga vs 24% decrease in controls; p < 0.001

Perceived stress (PSS)

26.9% reduction in yoga vs 7% increase in controls; p < 0.001

Blank, 2003 [31]

25% had relieved joint aches and shoulder stiffness

NA

100% perceived direct stress reduction

NA

88% felt more relaxed in daily life, more aware of body posture, improved body image

NA

63% had improved mood and less anxiety

NA

Bower, 2012 [58]

Lower extremity strength and endurance (timed chair stands)

1.31 (−5.00; 2.38, N.S.

Fatigue (FSI)

−1.24 (−0.04; -2.45), p < 0.05

Flexibility (functional reach test)

−2.00 (5.76; -9.98), N.S.

Vigor

4.80 (1.86; 7.74), p < 0.05

Depression (BDI)

−5.80 (−1.74; -9.86), p < 0.05

Sleep quality (PSQI)

0.20 (2.78; -2.38), N.S.

Perceived stress (PSS)

−1.77 (1.71; -5.26), N.S.

Carson, 2009 [32]

Hot flash frequency

P = 0.0017

Negative mood

P = 0.099

Hot flash severity

P = 0.0019

Relaxation

P = 0.543

Hot flash total

P < 0.0001

Vigor

P = 0.005

Joint pain

P < 0.0001

Acceptance

P = 0.058

Night sweats

N.S.

Symptom-related bother

P < 0.0001

Fatigue

P = 0.001

Sleep disturbance

P = 0.007

Chandwani, 2010 [55]

SF-36

SF-36

- Physical component summary

ES = 0.44; P = 0.04

- Mental component summary

N.S.

- Physical function

ES = 0.46; p = 0.04

- Mental health

N.S.

- body pain

N.S.

- Role physical

N.S.

- Role emotional

N.S.

- Social function

N.S.

- vitality

N.S.

- General HRQoL

ES = 0,47; p = 0.005

Depression (CES-D)

N.S.

Anxiety (STAI)

N.S.

Distress (IES)

- Intrusion

N.S.

- Avoidance

N.S.

Fatigue (BFI)

N.S.

Sleep (PSQI)

N.S.

Benefit finding (BFS)

N.S.

Cohen, 2004 [44]

Distress (IES)

N.S.

Anxiety (STAI)

N.S.

Depression (CES-D)

N.S.

Sleep disturbances (PSQI)

- Total score

P = 0.004

- Sleep quality

P = 0.02

- Sleep latency

P = 0.01

- Sleep duration

P = 0.03

- Sleep efficiency

N.S.

- Sleep medications

P = 0.02

- Daytime dysfunction

N.S.

Fatigue (BFI)

N.S.

Culos-Reed, 2006 [52]

Physical activity (LSI)

N.S.

Mood (POMS)

Weight

N.S.

- Total mood

P < 0.10

Systolic and diastolic blood pressure

N.S.

- Tension-anxiety

P < 0.10

Hand grip strength

N.S.

- Depression-dejection

P < 0.10

Distance walked

N.S.

- Confusion-bewilderment

P < 0.10

Perceived exertion

N.S.

- Vigor

N.S.

Flexibility (sit and reach)

N.S.

- Anger-hostility

N.S.

EORTC-QLQ-C30

Symptoms of stress (SOSI)

- Physical function

N.S.

- Peripheral manifestations

N.S.

- pain

N.S.

- Cardiopulmonary symptoms

N.S.

- nausea and vomiting

N.S.

- Symptoms of arousal

N.S.

- dyspnea

P < 0.05

- Upper respiratory symptoms

N.S.

- appetite

N.S.

- Central neurological symptoms

N.S.

- constipation

N.S.

- Gastrointestinal symptoms

P < 0.10

- diarrhea

P < 0.05

- Muscle tension

N.S.

- Habitual patterns

N.S.

- Depression

N.S.

- Anxiety/fear

N.S.

- Emotional irritability

P < 0.10

- Cognitive disorganization

P < 0.10

HRQoL (EORTC QLQ-C30)

- global quality of life

P < 0.01

- emotional function

P < 0.05

- cognitive function

N.S.

- social function

N.S.

- role function

N.S.

- fatigue (POMS)

N.S.

- sleep disturbance

N.S.

Danhauer, 2009 [53]

Physical function (SF-12)

N.S.

Mental health (SF-12)

P = 0.004

FACT

Depression (CES-D)

P = 0.026

- Physical well-being

N.S.

Fatigue (FACT-fatigue)

N.S.

- Functional well-being

N.S.

Negative affect (PANAS-NA)

P = 0.014

Positive affect (PANAS-PA)

P = 0.01

FACT-General

P = 0.052

- Social well-being

N.S.

- Emotional well-being

P = 0.042

Spiritual well being (FACIT Sp)

- peace/meaning

P = 0.0009

- role of faith

N.S.

Sleep disturbances (PSQI)

- Total score

N.S.

- Sleep quality

N.S.

- Sleep latency

P = 0.078

- Sleep duration

N.S.

- Sleep efficiency

N.S.

- Sleep medications

P = 0.10

- Daytime dysfunction

N.S.

Littman, 2011 [57]

FACT

Overall QoL (FACT-G)

N.S.

- Physical well-being

N.S.

Breast-cancer subscale

N.S.

- Functional well-being

N.S.

- Social well-being

N.S.

Physical Activity (MAQ)

N.S.

- Emotional well-being

N.S.

BMI

N.S.

- social/family well-being

N.S.

Waist circumference

−3.1 (−5.7; -0.4)

Fatigue (FACIT-F)

N.S.

Hip circumference

N.S.

weight

N.S.

Moadel, 2007 [54]

FACT

Overall QoL (FACT-G)

P < 0.01†

- Physical well-being

N.S.

- Social well-being

ES = −0.22 (−3.78 to −0.36); P = 0.018

- Functional well-being

N.S.

- Emotional well-being

P = 0.018*; P < 0.05†

Fatigue (FACT-fatigue)

N.S.

Spiritual well-being (FACIT Sp)

P = 0.009†

Distressed Mood (DMI)

P < 0.05†

- Anxious/sad

P = 0.046†

- Irritability

P = 0.0275†

- Confusion

N.S.

Raghavendra, 2007 [49]

Nausea frequency

P = 0.01

Anxiety (STAI)

P < 0.001

Nausea severity

P < 0.01

Depression (DBI)

P < 0.001

Vomiting frequency

P = 0.06

Number of distressful symptoms

P = 0.002

Vomiting severity

P = 0.05

Severity of symptoms

P < 0.001

Total toxicity score

P < 0.001

Symptom distress

P < 0.001

Overall quality of life (FLIC)

P < 0.001

Rao, 2009 [50]

State anxiety (STAI)

ES = 0.33; P < 0.05 (ITT)

Trait anxiety (STAI)

ES = 0.24; NS (ITT)

Symptom distress

P = 0.001

Vadiraja, 2009a [46]

Cortisol level at 6 am

ES = 0.24;P < 0.05

Anxiety (HADS-A)

ES = 0.31; P < 0.001

Cortisol level at 9 am

N.S.

Depression (HADS-D)

ES = 0.31; P < 0.01

Cortisol level at 9 pm

N.S.

perceived stress (PSS)

ES = 0.36; P < 0.001

Mean pooled diurnal cortisol

ES = 0.27; P < 0.05

Vadiraja, 2009b [47]

EORTC QLQ-C30

Positive Affect (PANAS)

ES = 0.59; P = 0.007

- Physical function

ES = 0.16; N.S.

Negative Affect (PANAS)

ES = 0.84; P = 0.001

HRQoL (EORTC QLQ-C30)

- Role function

ES = 0.19; N.S.

- Emotional function

ES = 0.71; P = 0.001

- Cognitive function

ES = 0.48; P = 0.03

- Social function

ES = 0.21; N.S.

Vadiraja 2009c [48]

Physical distress (RSCL)

ES = 0.33; p = 0.02

Psychological distress (RCSL)

ES = 0.39; p < 0.001

EORTC-QLQ-C30

EORTC QLQ-C30

- pain

ES = 0.14; N.S.

- fatigue

ES = 0.33; N.S.

- nausea and vomiting

ES = 0.05; N.S.

- insomnia

ES = 0.47; N.S.

- dyspnea

ES = 0.01; N.S.

- appetite loss

ES = 0.38; N.S.

- diarrhea

ES = 0.01; N.S.

- constipation

ES = 0.14; N.S.

Activity level

ES = 0.14; N.S.