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Table 2 Relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) according to selected characteristics

From: Multiplicative synergistic risk of hepatocellular carcinoma development among hepatitis B and C co-infected subjects in HBV endemic area: a community-based cohort study

  

Person-years

No. of HCC

Crude RR (95% CI)

Adjusted HRa (95% CI)

Adjusted HRb (95% CI)

HBsAg

      
 

Negative

57,319

28

1.0 (reference)

1.0 (reference)

1.0 (reference)

 

Positive

3,115

18

12.0 (6.6-21.7)

12.5 (6.9-22.7)

13.3 (7.3-24.4)

 

Unknown

2,737

4

2.7 (0.9-7.8)

2.4 (0.8-7.0)

0.1 (0.01-0.5)

Anti-HCV

      
 

Negative

56,516

31

1.0 (reference)

1.0 (reference)

1.0 (reference)

 

Positive

3,880

15

6.9 (3.7-12.7)

7.0 (3.8-13.1)

6.7 (3.6-12.6)

 

Unknown

2,774

4

2.5 (0.9-7.0)

2.3 (0.8-6.5)

0.1 (0.01-0.4)

FBS (mg/dL)

      
 

<100

26,930

15

1.0 (reference)

1.0 (reference)

 
 

100-126

11,737

11

1.6 (0.7-3.5)

1.6 (0.7-3.4)

 
 

≥126

5,746

6

1.8 (0.7-4.6)

1.6 (0.6-4.1)

 
 

Unknown

18,757

18

1.7 (0.9-3.4)

1.7(0.9-3.4)

 

AST (U/L)

      
 

<35

48,247

11

1.0 (reference)

1.0 (reference)

 
 

≥35

11,890

36

13.5 (6.9-26.6)

11.3 (5.7-22.5)

 
 

Unknown

3,033

3

3.8 (1.0-13.8)

3.6 (0.99-13.2)

 

ALT (U/L)

      
 

<30

47,841

15

1.0 (reference)

1.0 (reference)

 
 

≥30

12,374

32

8.5 (4.6-15.7)

8.3 (4.4-15.6)

 
 

Unknown

2,955

3

2.8 (0.8-9.9)

2.8 (0.8-9.9)

 

Alcohol drinking (g/day)

      
 

0-23.9

51,193

30

1.0 (reference)

1.0 (reference)

 
 

≥24

7,214

16

3.8 (2.1-7.0)

2.2 (1.1-4.4)

 
 

Unknown

4,763

4

1.4 (0.5-4.0)

1.0 (0.3-2.8)

 

Tobacco smoking

      
 

Never smoker

40,375

20

1.0 (reference)

1.0 (reference)

 
 

Past smoker

4,826

7

3.1 (1.3-7.3)

1.2 (0.4-3.3)

 
 

Current smoker

17,638

23

2.7 (1.5-4.8)

1.3 (0.6-2.6)

 
 

Unknown

331

0

-

-

 

Body mass index (kg/m2)

      
 

<18.5

2,463

2

0.8 (0.2-3.5)

0.72(0.17-3.06)

 
 

18.5-22.9

25,634

25

1.0 (reference)

1.0 (reference)

 
 

23.0-24.9

15,241

8

0.5 (0.2-1.2)

0.6 (0.3-1.4)

 
 

≥25.0

18,780

13

0.7 (0.4-1.4)

0.96 (0.5-1.9)

 
 

Unknown

1,052

2

2.1 (0.5-8.7)

2.2 (0.5-9.5)

 

History of acupuncture

      
 

Never

27,378

27

1.0 (reference)

1.0 (reference)

 
 

Ever

27,998

20

0.8 (0.4-1.4)

0.8 (0.5-1.5)

 
 

Unknown

7,794

3

0.4 (0.1-1.3)

0.5 (0.2-1.7)

 

History of transfusion

      
 

No

40,673

31

1.0 (reference)

1.0 (reference)

 
 

Yes

2,132

2

1.3 (0.3-5.4)

1.5 (0.4-6.4)

 
 

Unknown

20,365

17

0.98 (0.5-1.8)

1.1 (0.6-2.0)

 
  1. HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen; anti-HCV, antibodies against hepatitis C virus; FBS, fasting blood sugar; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase. aAge- and sex-adjusted. bAge-, sex- and HBsAg/anti-HCV positivity-adjusted.
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