From: Yoga for breast cancer patients and survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors, year | No. of patients | Mean age | Status of cancer | Current treatment | Treatment group: Intervention | Control group: Intervention | Outcome measures Outcome assessment | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Program length, frequency, duration | Program length, frequency, duration | a) Short-term follow-up | ||||||
b) Long-term follow-up | ||||||||
Banasik et al., 2011 [23] | 18 | 62.9 | II-IV | At least 2 month post-treatment | Iyengar Yoga: yoga postures | Wait-list, no treatment | Health-related quality of life (FACT-B) | No significant effects. |
8 weeks, twice weekly, 90 minutes | 8 weeks | a) Week 8 | ||||||
b) NA | ||||||||
Banerjee et al., 2007 [24] | 68 | 44 | II-III | Radiotherapy | Integrated yoga program: yoga postures, deep relaxation, breathing techniques, meditation, guided imagery, group awareness | Supportive counseling and advice to take light exercise | Anxiety (HADS) | Significant short-term effects on anxiety (p < 0.001), depression (p < 0.001), perceived stress (p < 0.001). |
6 weeks, frequency NR, 90 minutes | 6 weeks, frequency and duration NR | Depression (HADS) | ||||||
Perceived stress (PSS) | ||||||||
a) Week 6 | ||||||||
b) NA | ||||||||
Blank et al., 2003 [25] | 18 | NR | I-III | Antiestrogen or aromatase inhibitor, at least 8 weeks post-chemotherapy | Iyengar yoga: yoga postures, deep relaxation, meditation, chanting | Wait-list, no treatment | Questionnaire regarding perceived stress, psychological outcomes | No group comparison. |
8 weeks, twice weekly, duration NR | 8 weeks | a) Week 6 | ||||||
b) NA | ||||||||
Bower et al., 2011 [26] | 31 | 53.9 | 0-II | No local and/or adjuvant cancer therapy | Iyengar yoga: postures, breathing techniques | Health education | Vitality (SF-36) | Significant short-term effects on depression (p = 0.026). |
12 weeks, twice weekly, 90 minutes | 12 weeks, once weekly, 120 minutes | Depression (BDI) | Clinically important long-term effects on vitality. | |||||
Perceived stress (PSS) | ||||||||
a) weeks 12 to 14 | ||||||||
b) week 24 | ||||||||
Carson et al., 2009 [27] | 37 | 54.4 | I-II | No current chemotherapy or hormone replacement therapy | Yoga of Awareness: yoga postures, breathing techniques, meditation, study of pertinent topics, group discussion | Wait-list, no treatment | Daily diary regarding negative mood, symptom-related distress | Significant short-term effects on symptom-related distress (p < 0.0001). |
8 weeks, once weekly, 120 minutes | 8 weeks | a) Week 6 | Significant long-term effects on symptom-related distress (p < 0.0001) and negative mood (p < 0.0001). | |||||
b) Week 20 | ||||||||
Chandwani et al., 2010 [28] | 81 | NR | 0-III | Radiotherapy | Yoga based on Patanjali`s yoga sutras: yoga postures, deep relaxation, breath control, meditation | Wait-list, no treatment | Health-related quality of life (SF-36) | Significant short-term effects on SF-36 physical component score (p = 0.04), general health (p = 0.005), physical function (p = 0.04). |
6 weeks, twice weekly, 60 minutes | 6 weeks | Depression (CES-D) | No significant long-term effects. | |||||
Anxiety (STAI) | ||||||||
Intrusion/avoidance (IES) | ||||||||
a) Week 7 | ||||||||
b) Week 18 | ||||||||
Danhauer et al., 2009 [29] | 44 | 55.8 | Any | Any | Restorative yoga: yoga postures, breathing techniques, deep relaxation, meditation | Wait-list, no treatment | Health-related quality of life (FACT-B, FACIT-Sp, SF-12) | Significant short-term effects on mental well-being (p = 0.004), spiritual well-being (p = 0.0009), depression (p = 0.026), positive affect (p = 0.01). |
10 weeks, once weekly, 75 minutes | 10 weeks | Depression (CES-D) | ||||||
Positive and negative affect (PANAS) | ||||||||
a) Week 10 | ||||||||
b) NA | ||||||||
Kovačič & Kovačič, 2011 [30] | 32 | NR | I-II | Radiotherapy, chemotherapy | Yoga in Daily Life® System: breathing techniques, deep relaxation, progressive muscle relaxation, meditation | Standard physiotherapy | Mental well-being (GHQ-12) | Significant short-term effects on mental well-being (p < 0.0005), perceived stress (p < 0.0005). |
1 week, 7 times a week, 45 minutes | 1 week | Psychological distress (RSCL) | Significant long-term effects on mental well-being (p < 0.0005), psychological distress (p < 0.0005), perceived stress (p < 0.0005). | |||||
Standard physiotherapy | Perceived stress (PSS) | |||||||
1 week | a) Week 2 | |||||||
b) Week 5 | ||||||||
Littman et al., 2011 [31] | 63 | 60.6 | 0-III | At least 3 month post-treatment | Viniyoga: yoga postures, breathing techniques, deep relaxation, meditation | Wait-list, no treatment | Health-related quality of life (FACT-B) | No significant effects. |
6 months, 1 to 3 times a week 75 minutes | 6 month | a) Week 48 | ||||||
b) NA | ||||||||
Moadel et al., 2007 [32] | 164 | 54.81 | I-III | Any | Hatha yoga: yoga postures, breathing, techniques, meditation | Wait-list, no treatment | Health-related quality of life (FACT-G, FACIT-Sp) | Significant short-term effect on social well-being (p < 0.018). |
12 weeks, once weekly, 90 minutes | 12 weeks | Anxiety (Distressed Mood Index) | ||||||
Psychological distress (Distressed Mood Index) | ||||||||
a) Week 12 | ||||||||
b) Week 24 (NR) | ||||||||
Raghavendra et al., 2007 [33] | 98 | NR | II-III | Chemotherapy | Integrated yoga program: yoga postures, breathing techniques, relaxation with imagery, chanting | Brief supportive therapy | Health-related quality of life (FLIC) | Significant short-term effects on overall health-related quality of life (p < 0.001), anxiety (p < 0.001), depression (p < 0.001), symptom distress (p < 0.001). |
Program length NR, 30 minutes 4 times, 60 minutes every 10 days | Program length NR, 60 minutes once, 30 minutes every 10 days | Anxiety (STAI) | ||||||
Depression (BDI) | ||||||||
Symptom distress (Subjective Symptom Checklist) | ||||||||
a) NR | ||||||||
b) NA | ||||||||
88 | 47.23 | II-III | Radiotherapy | Integrated yoga program: yoga postures, breathing techniques, relaxation with imagery, meditation | Brief supportive therapy | Health-related quality of life (EORTC QLQ-C30) Anxiety (HADS) Depression (HADS) Positive and negative affect (PANAS) | Significant short-term effects on emotional function (p = 0.001), cognitive function (p = 0.03), anxiety (p < 0.001), depression (p = 0.002), positive affect (p = 0.007), negative affect (p < 0.001), perceived stress (p < 0.001), psychological distress (p < 0.001). | |
6 weeks, 60 minutes at least 3 times a week (18–24 session in total) | 6 weeks, 15 minutes every 10 days (3–4 sessions in total) | |||||||
Perceived stress (PSS) | ||||||||
Psychological distress (RSCL) | ||||||||
a) Week 6 | ||||||||
b) NA |