Characteristic
|
Level
|
Statisticb
|
All lung cancerc
|
Squamousd
|
Adenoe
|
---|
All
|
All
|
n
|
328
|
102
|
107
|
| |
F
|
4.22 (4.16-4.28)
|
9.52 (8.94-10.13)
|
3.44 (3.27-3.61)
|
| |
R
|
5.50 (5.07-5.96)
|
10.47 (8.88-12.33)
|
2.84 (2.41-3.35)
|
| |
H, PH
|
22.84, p < 0.001
|
5.17, p < 0.001
|
8.78, p < 0.001
|
| |
PE
|
p < 0.001
|
NS
|
p < 0.01
|
Sex
|
Male
|
n
|
171
|
49
|
51
|
| |
F
|
3.74 (3.67-3.82)
|
10.74 (9.82-11.74)
|
4.09 (3.76-4.44)
|
| |
R
|
6.18 (5.49-6.95)
|
11.98 (9.68-14.82)
|
3.55 (2.83-4.45)
|
|
Female
|
n
|
108
|
42
|
45
|
| |
F
|
3.95 (3.86-4.05)
|
8.86 (8.05-9.75)
|
3.27 (3.05-3.50)
|
| |
R
|
4.43 (3.84-5.10)
|
8.97 (6.95-11.57)
|
2.32 (1.78-3.02)
|
|
Combined
|
n
|
49
|
11
|
11
|
| |
F
|
8.26 (7.94-8.60)
|
7.04 (5.76-8.60)
|
2.29 (1.93-2.71)
|
| |
R
|
6.09 (4.98-7.44)
|
10.70 (4.89-23.40)
|
2.52 (1.56-4.08)
|
|
Between levels
|
PB
|
<0.01
|
NS
|
<0.05
|
Location
|
North America
|
n
|
116
|
38
|
40
|
| |
F
|
8.86 (8.63-9.10)
|
12.69 (11.63-13.84)
|
5.75 (5.36-6.16)
|
| |
R
|
7.49 (6.78-8.27)
|
13.42 (10.45-17.24)
|
4.37 (3.48-5.48)
|
|
United Kingdom
|
n
|
29
|
4
|
4
|
| |
F
|
5.22 (4.72-5.78)
|
4.75 (3.00-7.51)
|
2.74 (1.52-4.94)
|
| |
R
|
5.83 (4.54-7.49)
|
6.27 (2.49-15.83)
|
2.68 (1.31-5.47)
|
|
Scandinavia
|
n
|
32
|
7
|
7
|
| |
F
|
6.43 (5.88-7.04)
|
8.67 (5.88-12.78)
|
2.04 (1.49-2.78)
|
| |
R
|
6.39 (5.29-7.71)
|
8.62 (4.81-15.43)
|
2.05 (1.37-3.06)
|
|
Other Europe
|
n
|
50
|
15
|
15
|
| |
F
|
5.55 (5.22-5.90)
|
6.56 (5.72-7.52)
|
2.30 (1.99-2.65)
|
| |
R
|
6.09 (4.95-7.51)
|
8.87 (5.50-14.31)
|
2.72 (2.01-3.68)
|
|
China
|
n
|
51
|
12
|
12
|
| |
F
|
2.77 (2.72-2.83)
|
5.65 (4.71-6.78)
|
1.48 (1.28-1.70)
|
| |
R
|
2.69 (2.50-2.88)
|
6.39 (4.73-8.63)
|
1.48 (1.28-1.70)
|
|
Japan
|
N
|
18
|
8
|
11
|
| |
F
|
3.19 (2.91-3.49)
|
13.94 (9.71-20.00)
|
1.74 (1.47-2.06)
|
| |
R
|
3.21 (2.68-3.85)
|
14.54 (9.78-21.62)
|
1.80 (1.34-2.41)
|
|
Other Asia
|
N
|
18
|
12
|
12
|
| |
F
|
3.79 (3.41-4.20)
|
7.87 (6.31-9.81)
|
1.88 (1.56-2.26)
|
| |
R
|
3.76 (2.72-5.18)
|
8.02 (5.54-11.60)
|
1.87 (1.29-2.71)
|
|
Other or multiregion
|
n
|
14
|
6
|
6
|
| |
F
|
6.25 (5.45-7.16)
|
16.70 (10.07-27.70)
|
4.20 (2.91-6.06)
|
| |
R
|
7.41 (5.72-9.60)
|
16.70 (10.07-27.70)
|
4.20 (2.91-6.06)
|
|
Between levels
|
PB
|
<0.001
|
<0.01
|
<0.001
|
Start year of study
|
Before 1960
|
n
|
54
|
14
|
14
|
| |
F
|
3.96 (3.71-4.23)
|
4.35 (3.66-5.18)
|
1.64 (1.27-2.10)
|
| |
R
|
4.67 (3.75-5.82)
|
5.89 (3.89-8.92)
|
1.64 (1.27-2.10)
|
|
1960-69
|
n
|
52
|
14
|
14
|
| |
F
|
5.16 (4.88-5.45)
|
11.87 (9.75-14.44)
|
4.38 (3.78-5.08)
|
| |
R
|
5.45 (4.60-6.46)
|
12.88 (7.71-21.52)
|
3.62 (2.00-6.54)
|
|
1970-79
|
n
|
71
|
26
|
31
|
| |
F
|
4.58 (4.34-4.82)
|
8.76 (7.74-9.92)
|
2.47 (2.21-2.76)
|
| |
R
|
5.05 (4.27-5.96)
|
10.08 (7.21-14.09)
|
2.69 (2.14-3.37)
|
|
1980-89
|
n
|
114
|
40
|
40
|
| |
F
|
4.11 (4.04-4.17)
|
11.42 (10.46-12.47)
|
4.17 (3.90-4.45)
|
| |
R
|
5.95 (5.18-6.83)
|
11.74 (9.40-14.66)
|
3.23 (2.48-4.20)
|
|
1990 or later
|
n
|
37
|
8
|
8
|
| |
F
|
5.28 (4.83-5.77)
|
12.39 (8.51-18.05)
|
1.76 (1.44-2.17)
|
| |
R
|
6.22 (4.89-7.92)
|
12.21 (7.56-19.72)
|
1.99 (1.40-2.83)
|
|
Between levels
|
PB
|
NS
|
<0.1
|
<0.01
|
Study type
|
Case–control
|
n
|
262
|
93
|
98
|
| |
F
|
4.12 (4.06-4.18)
|
9.46 (8.89-10.08)
|
3.41 (3.24-3.59)
|
| |
R
|
5.32 (4.87-5.82)
|
10.31 (8.70-12.22)
|
2.78 (2.33-3.32)
|
|
Prospectivef
|
n
|
66
|
9
|
9
|
| |
F
|
6.01 (5.69-6.34)
|
12.23 (8.00-18.69)
|
3.95 (3.11-5.01)
|
| |
R
|
6.24 (5.34-7.28)
|
12.78 (7.29-22.41)
|
3.66 (2.67-5.03)
|
|
Between levels
|
PB
|
<0.1
|
NS
|
NS
|
National cigarette tobacco type
|
Virginia
|
n
|
50
|
9
|
9
|
| |
F
|
5.60 (5.22-6.00)
|
12.69 (9.36-17.20)
|
4.36 (3.48-5.48)
|
| |
R
|
6.24 (5.16-7.54)
|
13.80 (6.53-29.17)
|
4.37 (3.01-6.34)
|
|
Blended
|
n
|
225
|
80
|
85
|
| |
F
|
7.48 (7.32-7.65)
|
10.12 (9.46-10.83)
|
3.90 (3.69-4.12)
|
| |
R
|
6.30 (5.79-6.87)
|
11.07 (9.21-13.31)
|
3.07 (2.55-3.69)
|
|
Other
|
n
|
53
|
13
|
13
|
| |
F
|
2.77 (2.72-2.83)
|
5.56 (4.65-6.66)
|
1.46 (1.27-1.67)
|
| |
R
|
2.68 (2.49-2.87)
|
6.15 (4.60-8.23)
|
1.46 (1.27-1.67)
|
|
Between levels
|
PB
|
<0.001
|
<0.01
|
<0.001
|
Any proxy use
|
Nog
|
n
|
227
|
76
|
79
|
| |
F
|
6.87 (6.72-7.03)
|
8.95 (8.37-9.56)
|
3.41 (3.23-3.61)
|
| |
R
|
5.51 (5.02-6.04)
|
9.64 (7.99-11.64)
|
2.63 (2.15-3.20)
|
|
Yes
|
n
|
101
|
26
|
28
|
| |
F
|
3.15 (3.09-3.20)
|
14.65 (12.30-17.46)
|
3.56 (3.13-4.04)
|
| |
R
|
5.39 (4.84-6.02)
|
13.82 (10.45-18.27)
|
3.61 (2.73-4.76)
|
|
Between levels
|
PB
|
NS
|
<0.05
|
<0.1
|
Full histological confirmation
|
No
|
n
|
245
|
59
|
59
|
| |
F
|
3.86 (3.80-3.92)
|
7.21 (6.57-7.90)
|
2.43 (2.24-2.63)
|
| |
R
|
5.25 (4.80-5.74)
|
9.39 (7.54-11.68)
|
2.56 (2.09-3.15)
|
|
Yes
|
n
|
83
|
43
|
48
|
| |
F
|
7.67 (7.38-7.98)
|
11.97 (11.01-13.02)
|
4.37 (4.09-4.66)
|
| |
R
|
6.30 (5.47-7.25)
|
12.32 (9.78-15.52)
|
3.22 (2.53-4.10)
|
|
Between levels
|
PB
|
<0.05
|
<0.1
|
NS
|
Number of casesh
|
100-249
|
n
|
115
|
22
|
27
|
| |
F
|
3.74 (3.51-3.99)
|
6.02 (4.86-7.45)
|
1.93 (1.67-2.24)
|
| |
R
|
4.43 (3.86-5.09)
|
8.39 (5.91-11.92)
|
2.31 (1.71-3.12)
|
|
250-499
|
n
|
86
|
31
|
31
|
| |
F
|
4.85 (4.59-5.12)
|
8.89 (7.51-10.52)
|
2.37 (2.10-2.68)
|
| |
R
|
5.75 (4.95-6.69)
|
10.17 (7.81-13.22)
|
2.37 (1.81-3.09)
|
|
500-999
|
n
|
64
|
18
|
18
|
| |
F
|
4.93 (4.68-5.19)
|
8.26 (6.92-9.85)
|
2.40 (2.07-2.77)
|
| |
R
|
6.17 (5.25-7.25)
|
11.35 (7.79-16.53)
|
2.86 (2.08-3.92)
|
|
1000+
|
n
|
63
|
31
|
31
|
| |
F
|
4.15 (4.08-4.21)
|
10.51 (9.74-11.35)
|
4.61 (4.32-4.92)
|
| |
R
|
6.14 (5.15-7.32)
|
10.88 (8.16-14.51)
|
3.77 (2.82-5.02)
|
|
Between levels
|
PB
|
<0.01
|
NS
|
<0.1
|
Smoking product
|
Any
|
n
|
205
|
54
|
55
|
| |
F
|
3.79 (3.73-3.85)
|
6.86 (6.16-7.65)
|
2.42 (2.20-2.66)
|
| |
R
|
5.41 (4.90-5.97
|
8.94 (7.02-11.39)
|
2.27 (1.87-2.76)
|
|
Cigarettes (ignoring
|
n
|
114
|
46
|
50
|
|
other products)
|
F
|
6.52 (6.31-6.73)
|
10.99 (10.18-11.85)
|
3.94 (3.71-4.19)
|
| |
R
|
5.54 (4.87-6.30)
|
11.86 (9.57-14.71)
|
3.46 (2.70-4.44)
|
|
Cigarettes only
|
n
|
9
|
2
|
2
|
| |
F
|
8.11 (7.11-9.26)
|
38.79 (18.74-80.31)
|
4.26 (3.15-5.74)
|
| |
R
|
6.83 (4.63-10.08)
|
38.79 (18.74-80.31)
|
4.26 (3.15-5.74)
|
|
Between levels
|
PB
|
NS
|
<0.001
|
<0.001
|
Unexposed base
|
Never any product
|
n
|
236
|
64
|
67
|
| |
F
|
3.84 (3.78-3.90)
|
8.06 (7.37-8.82)
|
2.57 (2.38-2.77)
|
| |
R
|
5.31 (4.84-5.81)
|
9.68 (7.81-12.01)
|
2.46 (2.09-2.89)
|
|
Never cigarettes
|
n
|
92
|
38
|
40
|
| |
F
|
7.01 (6.77-7.26)
|
11.04 (10.13-12.02)
|
4.30 (4.02-4.60)
|
| |
R
|
5.96 (5.17-6.88)
|
11.92 (9.24-15.38)
|
3.56 (2.66-4.78)
|
|
Between levels
|
PB
|
NS
|
NS
|
<0.05
|
Number of adjustment factors
|
0
|
n
|
164
|
53
|
54
|
| |
F
|
7.12 (6.92-7.33)
|
7.93 (7.20-8.74)
|
2.40 (2.21-2.60)
|
| |
R
|
5.44 (4.86-6.09)
|
9.86 (7.79-12.49)
|
2.61 (2.11-3.23)
|
|
1
|
n
|
69
|
18
|
20
|
| |
F
|
5.13 (4.90-5.37)
|
12.59 (10.37-15.30)
|
3.24 (2.81-3.73)
|
| |
R
|
5.48 (4.72-6.37)
|
11.34 (7.36-17.47)
|
2.66 (1.74-4.06)
|
|
2+
|
n
|
95
|
31
|
33
|
| |
F
|
3.40 (3.34-3.46)
|
10.48 (9.59-11.45)
|
4.61 (4.29-4.95)
|
| |
R
|
5.56 (4.87-6.34)
|
11.02 (8.35-14.54)
|
3.30 (2.50-4.36)
|
|
Between levels
|
PB
|
NS
|
NS
|
NS
|
-
a Within each study, results for ever smokers are selected in the following preference order, within each sex, for:
- smoking product – any, cigarettes (ignoring other products), cigarettes only;
- cigarette type – any, manufactured (with or without handrolled), manufactured only;
- unexposed group – never any product, never cigarettes, near equivalent (see Methods);
- follow-up period – longest available;
- lung cancer type – see notes c to e;
- race – all or nearest available, otherwise by race;
- overlapping studies – principal, subsidiary;
- age – whole study, widest available age group.
- Results are then selected for:
- sex – single sex results, combined sex results;
- adjustment for potential confounders – most available.
-
b n = number of estimates combined, F = fixed-effect meta-analysis RR (95% CI), R = random-effects meta-analysis RR (95% CI), H = heterogeneity chisquared per degree of freedom, PH = probability value for heterogeneity expressed as p < 0.001, p < 0.01, p < 0.05, p < 0.1 or NS (p ≥ 0.1), PE = probability value for Egger’s test of publication bias similarly expressed, PB = probability value for between levels (see Methods) similarly expressed.
-
c All or nearest available, must include at least squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma.
-
d Squamous cell carcinoma or nearest available, but not including adenocarcinoma.
-
e Adenocarcinoma or nearest available, but not including squamous cell carcinoma.
-
f Or nested case–control or case-cohort in the case of 5 estimates for all lung cancer, 4 for squamous and 4 for adeno.
-
g Or not known in the case of 10 estimates for all lung cancer, 2 for squamous, and 2 for adeno.
-
h In the study as a whole.