From: A systematic review of the impact of stigma and nihilism on lung cancer outcomes
Study | Participants | Study Factor(s) | Outcome | Main findings |
---|---|---|---|---|
LoConte 2008: Else-Quest 2009, USA | Stage IV NSCLC | Â | Â | Association between stigma or self blame and outcomes |
Perceived stigma | ||||
(1 item) | Self esteem (RSES) | NS** | ||
Direct effect | p< 0.01# Negative association | |||
Indirect effects via self-blame (SSGS) | Â | |||
Anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) | p< 0.01**Positive association | |||
Direct effect | p< 0.05# Positive association | |||
Indirect effects via self-blame (SSGS) | Â | |||
Anger (State-Trait Anger Inventory) | p< 0.01** Positive association | |||
Direct effect | p< 0.01# Positive association | |||
Indirect effects via self-blame (SSGS) | Â | |||
Depression (shortened CES-D) | p< 0.01** Positive association | |||
Direct effect | p< 0.01# Positive association | |||
Indirect effects via self-blame (SSGS) | Â | |||
Self Blame (SSGS) adjusted for perceived stigma | Self esteem (RSES) | p< 0.01** Negative association | ||
Anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) | p< 0.01** Positive association | |||
Anger (State-Trait Anger Inventory) | p< 0.01** Positive association | |||
Depression (shortened CES-D) | p< 0.01** Positive association | |||
Cataldo 2011, USA | All types and stages of lung cancer | Â | Â | Â |
Lung cancer stigma scale (Cataldo scale - 43 items) | Depression (CES-D) | p< 0.01* Positive association | ||
Quality of life (Quality of Life Inventory) | p< 0.01* Negative association | |||
Self esteem (RSES) | p< 0.01* Negative association | |||
Social support (Social Support Indices) | Â | |||
Availability | p< 0.01* Negative association | |||
Validation | p< 0.01* Negative association | |||
Subjective social integration (Social Support Indices) | p< 0.01* Negative association | |||
Social conflict (Social Support Indices) | p< 0.01* Positive association | |||
Lung cancer stigma scale Stigma and shame subscale (19 items) | Depression (CES-D) | p< 0.01* Positive association | ||
Quality of life (Quality of Life Inventory) | p< 0.01* Negative association | |||
Self esteem (RSES) | p< 0.01* Negative association | |||
Social support (Social Support Indices) | Â | |||
Availability | p< 0.01* Negative association | |||
Validation | p< 0.01* Negative association | |||
Subjective social integration (Social Support Indices) | p< 0.01* Negative association | |||
Social conflict (Social Support Indices) | p< 0.01* Positive association | |||
Devitt 2010, Victoria, Australia | 42% Stage IV 74% NSCLC | Shame about lung cancer | Participation in a support group | 10% of patients reported shame as a potential barrier |
29% of support group facilitators thought patients’ shame was a potential barrier | ||||
Lobchuk 2008b, Canada | Primary caregivers of lung cancer patients | Â | Â | Correlation between caregiver blame and caregiver assistance |
58% advanced disease | Primary caregiver blame re patient’s efforts to control the disease (single item) | Primary caregiver assistance in coping with lung cancer and its symptoms (single item) | r = 0.044, p = 0.66 | |
76% NSCLC | Â | |||
Siminoff 2010, USA, Ohio | Stage III or IV NSCLC | Family blames cancer on the patient | Â | Regression coefficient for blame and depression |
Patient agrees | Patient Depression (CES-D) | Â | ||
Familial cohesion | Â | p< 0.051 Positive association | ||
Familial expressiveness | p< 0.052 Positive association | |||
Familial conflict | p< 0.053 Positive association | |||
Caregiver agrees | Patient Depression (CES-D) | Â | ||
Familial cohesion | p< 0.051 Positive association | |||
Familial expressiveness | p< 0.052 Positive association | |||
Familial conflict | p< 0.053 Positive association |