Table 2 Risk factors for development of fractures or bone mineral density loss^a

Excessive alcohol consumption

Tobacco use

Existing low body mass index (< 20 kg/m²) and excessive weight loss

Falls

Sedentary lifestyle^b

Low calcium or vitamin D intake

Use of medications affecting absorption of calcium

or absorption or production of vitamin D^b

Use of corticosteroids^b

Use of medications decreasing the production of estrogen or testosterone^b

Low estrogen or testosterone levels

Age

Low bone mass

Race (Asian, white)

Fracture history (personal, familial)^b

Diabetes

Rheumatoid arthritis

Emphysema, chronic bronchitis

Renal insufficiency