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Table 1 Descriptive Characteristics of Lung Cancer Cases and Hospital Controls.

From: Cruciferous vegetable intake is inversely associated with lung cancer risk among smokers: a case-control study

 

Lung cancer cases

(N = 948)

Controls

(N = 1743)

P

 

Means ± SD

Means ± SD

(t-test)

Age, yr

62.5 ± 10.1

62.2 ± 10.3

0.4322

Vegetables, servings/mo

71.5 ± 41.0

79.6 ± 43.9

<0.0001

Fruits, servings/mo

41.7 ± 32.7

47.8 ± 32.3

<0.0001

Meats, servings/mo

34.8 ± 24.4

30.3 ± 22.1

<0.0001

Cruciferous1, servings/mo

12.9 ± 13.7

15.7 ± 16.4

<0.0001

Raw cruciferous2, servings/mo

4.2 ± 5.9

5.7 ± 7.9

<0.0001

Cigarettes per day

29.3 ± 15.9

22.6 ± 14.8

<0.0001

Years of smoking

37.0 ± 14.4

27.1 ± 15.6

<0.0001

 

Lung cancer cases

Controls

P

 

Number

%

Number

%

(χ 2 -test)

Education

     

   < High school

361

38.1

427

24.5

 

   > High school

587

61.9

1316

75.5

<0.0001

Year of Admission

     

   1981-1989

514

54.2

1028

59.0

 

   1990-1999

434

45.8

715

41.0

0.0171

Gender

     

   Male

583

61.5

1036

59.4

 

   Female

365

38.5

707

40.6

0.2971

Smoking Status

     

   Never Smokers

51

5.4

100

5.7

 

   Former Smokers

684

72.1

1269

72.8

 

   Current Smokers

213

22.5

374

21.5

0.7930

  1. 1 Cruciferous vegetables = broccoli (raw and cooked), cabbage (raw and cooked), cauliflower (raw and cooked), Brussels sprouts, kale, turnip, collard, mustard greens.
  2. 2 Raw cruciferous vegetables = raw broccoli, raw cabbage, raw cauliflower.
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BMC Cancer

ISSN: 1471-2407

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