Skip to main content
Download PDF

Docetaxel, Cisplatin, and 5-fluorouracil (DCF) chemotherapy in the treatment of metastatic or unresectable locally recurrent anal squamous cell carcinoma: a phase II study of French interdisciplinary GERCOR and FFCD groups (Epitopes-HPV02 study)

BMC Cancer volume 17, Article number: 574 (2017) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

The squamous cell carcinoma of the anus (SCCA) is a rare disease, but its incidence is markedly increasing. About 15% of patients are diagnosed at metastatic stage, and more than 20% with a localized disease treated by chemoradiotherapy (CRT) will recur. In advanced SCCA, cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil (CF) combination is the standard option but complete response is a rare event and the prognosis remains poor with most disease progression occurring within the first 12 months.

We have previously published the potential role of the addition of docetaxel (D). Among 8 consecutive patients with advanced recurrent SCCA after CRT, the DCF regimen induced a complete response in 4 patients, including 3 pathological complete responses.

Then, the Epitopes-HPV02 study was designed to confirm the interest of DCF regimen in SCCA patients.

Methods

This multicentre phase II trial assesses the DCF regimen in advanced SCCA patients. Main eligibility criteria are: histologically proven SCCA, unresectable locally advanced recurrent or metastatic disease, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group-performance status (ECOG-PS) <2, and being eligible for DCF. Patients receive either 6 cycles of standard DCF or 8 cycles of modified DCF depending on age (> vs. ≤ 75 years-old) and ECOG-PS (0 vs. 1). The trial was set up based on a Simon’s optimal two-stage design for phase II trials, allowing an early futility interim analysis. The primary endpoint is the observed progression-free survival (PFS) rate at 12 months from the first DCF cycle. A PFS rate below 10% is considered uninteresting, while a PFS rate above 25% is expected. With a unilateral alpha error of 5% and a statistical power of 90%, 66 evaluable patients should be included. Main secondary endpoints are overall survival, PFS, response rate, safety, health-related quality of life, and the correlation of biomarkers with treatment efficacy.

Discussion

Since the recommended CF regimen is based in a small retrospective analysis and generates a low rate of complete responses, the Epitopes-HPV02 study will establish a new standard in case of a positive result. Associated biomarker studies will contribute to understand the underlying mechanism of resistance and the role of immunity in SCCA.

Trial registration

NCT02402842, EudraCT: 2014–001789-81.

Peer Review reports

Background

Even if squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal (SCCA) is a rare disease, representing only 1%–5% of all gastrointestinal malignancies, its incidence is steadily increasing among men as well as women [1,2,3]. This increase is likely related to the higher prevalence of the anal human papilloma virus (HPV) infection, since HPV-related oncoproteins (E6 and E7) are indeed expressed in more than 90% of SCCA [4].

The great majority of SCCA patients are diagnosed at a localized stage, and the standard treatment at this stage consists in the concurrent chemoradiation with mitomycin C (MMC) plus 5-fluorouracil (5FU) [1, 5, 6]. Nevertheless, more than 20% of patients will develop locally advanced recurrences or metastases, and this recurrence rate can reach 50% in high burden tumours (>5 cm) or in case of lymph node involvement [7,8,9,10].

A salvage surgery might be proposed to patients in case of resectable local progression. When surgery is not possible, the treatment relies on systemic chemotherapy. However, evidence to define the appropriate chemotherapy regimen is lacking [11, 12]. The combination of CDDP and 5FU is recommended for advanced SCCA, based on a retrospective analysis of 19 patients, as illustrated by the recently revised guidelines of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (version 2.2016), which acknowledged that no other regimen has shown to be effective. However, complete remission is observed in less than 5% of cases, and the great majority of patients have disease progression before 12 months [13, 14].

The absence of a curative therapeutic option available to treat relapsing patients led to the initiation of clinical trials in order to intensify preoperative CRT and decrease primary treatment failure. ACCORD03 and RTOG 98–11 trials were then conducted to evaluate the interest of CDDP and 5FU chemotherapy as an induction treatment and in combination with radiotherapy, compared to standard CRT with MMC and 5FU. Nevertheless, these studies failed to improve local and distant recurrence rates [7, 15]. Thus, the overall outcome for patients with non-resectable relapses or metastatic disease remain dismal with an overall 5-year survival rate below 20% for stage IV disease, and the development of effective salvage systemic therapies is still a relevant issue for these patients.

Docetaxel is a potent microtubule-stabilizing agent with an antitumor activity leading to mitosis arrest and cell death. It has been previously proposed that a loss of normal p53 function confers sensitization to taxane chemotherapy by increasing G2/M arrest and apoptosis [16]. Since the association between anal carcinoma and human papilloma virus (HPV) infection is especially strong and the E6 oncoprotein encoded by HPV types 16 and 18 induces the degradation of p53, we hypothesized that SCCA might be sensitive to taxane-containing chemotherapies [4, 17]. In addition, docetaxel has previously shown to increase endoplasmic reticulum stress and to induce an immunogenic cell death of cancer cells [18].

The improvement of the overall survival without any impact on toxic death through the addition of docetaxel to CDDP plus 5FU (DCF) has already been shown in advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck [19]. Then, considering the poor outcome with CDDP and 5FU, we decided to treat metastatic and unresectable local recurrent SCCA patients using the DCF regimen. Our result on the first 8 consecutive patients was previously published [20]. This regimen triggered an unexpected high level of long-term complete remission in 4 patients, 3 of them with complete pathological responses of their metastases. Three of these patients are still in complete remission after 73, 65, and 48 months of follow-up. The other patient died due to a sepsis complication of CRT-induced chronic pelvis infection, following 118 months of survival from the first DCF cycle, and without disease recurrence at the time of death. Then, we performed a translational research study. Interestingly, a p16+ and p53− phenotype was observed in all patients in remission. Furthermore, high levels of specific T cell responses against HPV16-derived E6/E7 and telomerase were detected in 50% of complete responders, suggesting the potential restoration of cancer immunosurveillance by this regimen [21].

Therefore, our preliminary results suggested a new potential role of taxane-based chemotherapy in SCCA patients. Then, a French network including 25 centers was organized with collaborative groups (Groupe Coopérateur Multidisciplinaire en Oncologie (GERCOR) Oncology Multidisciplinary Group and Fédération Francophone de Cancérologie Digestive (FFCD)) to conduct a multicentric prospective clinical trial to validate the role of DCF regimen in SCCA.

Our scientific committee has decided to perform a single arm study to validate our previous encouraging results of the DCF regimen in unresectable locally recurrent or metastatic SCCA patients. Indeed, no randomized clinical trials are currently available to determine a standard of care for relapsing or metastatic SCCA patients, and the combination of cisplatin-5FU only demonstrated a modest activity in a small retrospective analysis, with progression-disease before 12 months in the great majority of the patients [13, 14].

In addition, ancillary biomarker studies in tissues and plasma will also be performed in the Epitopes-HPV02 trial. Considering the specific tumorigenesis of SCCA patients, it will provide a unique opportunity to find out the underlying mechanism of resistance and response, including the tumour immunity, in a dynamic manner.

Methods and analysis

The Epitopes-HPV02 study is a multicentre, single-arm phase II study. It was developed by the “National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Unit 1098” and “Clinical Investigational Center (CIC) 1431”, and is supported by GERCOR and FFCD collaborative oncologic groups. The study is coordinated by the “Department of Clinical Research and Innovation” of University Hospital of Besançon. The data management is undertaken by the “Methodology and Quality of Life Unit in Oncology”* of the University Hospital of Besançon, and the trial is registered on the clinicaltrials.gov database (NCT02402842), partly funded by a research grant from the University Hospital of Besançon, and conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the Good Clinical Practice.

* http://www.umqvc.org/en/index.html

Study objectives

The primary end-point is to evaluate the observed progression-free survival rate at 12 months from the initiation of DCF in patients with unresectable locally advanced recurrent, or metastatic SCCA.

The secondary end-points are:

  • To evaluate the overall survival

  • To evaluate the progression-free survival

  • To evaluate the objective response rate

  • To assess the safety of DCF in advanced SCCA

  • To assess the health-related quality of life (QoL)

  • To evaluate HPV and telomerase-specific T cell responses before and after DCF treatment, and to correlate them to the survival

  • To analyze the tumor genotyping for HPV, p53, neoantigens. The correlation of these biomarkers with treatment efficacy

  • To investigate the prognostic value of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes

Patient selection

The study population consists of patients with SCCA at metastatic stage or with locally advanced recurrence after CRT, non-eligible for salvage surgery due to the extension of the disease. Patients should be eligible for DCF, with a performance status ECOG-PS 0 or 1, and with adequate organ function. The local institutional multidisciplinary board of each center will identify eligible patients. The inclusion and exclusion criteria are listed in Table 1.

Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria of the trial
Full size table

DCF treatment

Patients will receive 6 cycles of DCF regimen (docetaxel 75 mg/m2 day, CDDP 75 mg/m2 and 5FU at 750 mg/m2/day for 5 days) every 3 weeks or 8 cycles of modified-DCF regimen (mDCF, docetaxel 40 mg/m2 day, CDDP 40 mg/m2 day and 5-FU at 1200 mg/m2/day for 2 days) every 2 weeks, according to their clinical status. The standard DCF regimen is recommended for patients up to 75 years and with ECOG-PS of 0, whereas the mDCF is recommended for those >75 years-old or ECOG-PS of 1.

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor will be systematically administered as primary prophylaxis of febrile neutropenia for both regimens.

Post per-protocol treatment

At the end of planned DCF cycles, complementary local treatments like surgery of metastases or radiotherapy will be allowed at the discretion of each local institutional multidisciplinary board’s decision.

Evaluation, laboratory tests and follow-up

CT scans are planned at baseline, after 3rd and 6th cycles of DCF regimen (or after 4th and 8th cycles of modified-DCF regimen) and then every three months until disease progression, or death. Tumour assessment will be carried out according to RECIST criteria version 1.1. A PET scan will be performed before and at the end of chemotherapies.

The blood samples for immuno-monitoring will be performed before DCF and at first follow-up visit after the last DCF cycle.

The QoL will be measured by the EORTC QLQ-C30 questionnaire at inclusion, and every 2 cycles of chemotherapy.

Patients will be followed-up every 3 months, up to 3 years from enrolment, or death. A CT-scan, blood analysis, clinical examination, and QoL measurement will be performed at each follow-up visit Table 2.

Table 2 time and events table
Full size table

Data management

For each patient enrolled in the study, the investigators must document all required data in the corresponding source documents. These data must then be entered in electronic case report form (eCRF), which will be accessible only by authorized persons via secured web connection. One eCRF will be created for each patient. The investigator has the responsibility for its completion, proof reading, as well as its approval after the final verification for the authenticity and accuracy of all entered data. Once completed, eCRF will be locked and monitored. The promoter will assure data quality control. A clinical research assistant mandated by the promoter will perform physical visits at each participating center to control all entered data, to reassure the good clinical practice, and to respect all legal responsibilities.

Statistical considerations

Epitopes-HPV02 is a multicentre, open-label, singe-arm, phase 2 trial, designed with Simon’s optimal two-stage method [22], and undertaken in 25 cancer centres in France. This method schedules an early stop at first stage in case of futility (inefficacity of the DCF regimen). The primary objective is the observed PFS rate at 12th month from the first DCF cycle. PFS rate of 25% is expected, and 10% is considered uninteresting. Using the Simon’s method, with a power of 90% and one-sided α of 0.05, 66 patients will be enrolled for final analysis.

At stage 1

After the first 21 patients are enrolled with at least 12 months of follow-up, the trial will be stopped if we observe less than 3 alive patients without progression, and we will declare the treatment as uninteresting. On the contrary, the trial will be pursuit if we observe 3 or more alive patients without progression at 12 months, and 45 additional patients will be included.

At stage 2

After 66 patients enrolled, the observation of less than 11 alive patients without progression at 12 months will conclude the study as negative. Otherwise, 11 or more alive patients without progression at 12 months will conclude the study as positive, and the DCF treatment as clinically interesting.

Primary analysis

A PFS rate superior to 25% at 12 months from the first DCF cycle is defined as primary end-point. PFS is defined as the time from the first DCF to progression or death from any cause, evaluated by RECIST criteria version 1.1.

Secondary analyses

  • Overall survival, defined as the time from the date of the first DCF cycle to death from any cause.

  • Objective response rate evaluated by RECIST criteria, v1.1. All CT scans and PET scans will be centralized for a blinded radiological assessment.

  • Toxicities graded according to the National Cancer Institute - Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (NCI-CTCAE) criteria, version 4.03

  • QoL analysis measured by the EORTC-QLQ-C30 & time to QoL score deterioration with a minimal clinically important difference of 10 points. Patients also participate to an ancillary study for the development of a specific anal module with EORTC QoL group.

  • HPV and telomerase-specific T cell responses before and after treatment measured by ELISPOT assay, as previously described by our team [23, 24].

  • Characterization of tumour genotyping for HPV, p53, and neoantigens using the next-generation sequencing.

  • Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes analysis (TIL isolation or immunohistochemical analysis of Tbet, CD8, Foxp3, RoR-γt).

The statistical analysis will be performed with the modified intention to treat population (mITT, population with at least one cycle of DCF/mDCF regimen).

Since this is a non-comparative study, the statistical analysis will be mostly descriptive. For efficacy analysis, a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) will be performed. For the exploratory construction of the predictive model of overall survival, 10% will be considered as the threshold of significance for the pre-selection of variables, and 5% for the construction of multivariate analysis.

The qualitative variables will be described by usual statistics: effective and percentage (in relation to the included effective) of each modality. The quantitative variables will be described by the median, mean, standard deviation, the extreme values and interquartile ranges. For each variable, missing data will be described, and 95% CI will be reported.

The median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), with its 95% CI will be determined by Kaplan-Meier method. PFS will be calculated between the inclusion date and the date of the first progression (local, regional, metastatic, second cancer) or the last follow-up date for alive patients without progression, and the OS will be calculated between the inclusion date and the date of death. The median follow-up will be calculated by reverse Kaplan Meier method. Exploratory investigations will be undertaken to identify the independent factor related to PFS (age, ECOG-PS, type of metastases, response to prior CRT, QoL…) using univariate and multivariate Cox models. The correlation between the possible variables related to the event will be determined (correlation of rang, test of chi2 or ANOVA depending on types of variables) before the construction of multivariate models. In case of several variables strongly correlated, only the variable displaying the higher correlation with PFS will be retained.

QoL analysis:

All analysis will be performed in a mITT (population with at least one QoL evaluation performed).

After the generation of the scores following the EORTC recommendations, the scores will be described at each time of measure using median (Min-Max) and mean (standard deviation).

Missing data and random property of these data will be studied. The analysis of the random property of missing data will be done by comparison of those patients who completed whole questionnaires at inclusion versus those patients with at least one missing data. This comparison will be performed over the complete clinical and socio-demographic data recovered at inclusion. In case of a possible confounding factor, a multiple imputation of scores could be performed in the analysis of sensitivity taking into account these factors. A longitudinal analysis of the time until definitive deterioration of a score and the survival without deterioration of a score, will be conducted using the Kaplan-Meier method and described by median with its 95% CI. The time to deterioration of a score of QoL will be defined as the interval of time between the date of enrolment and the appearance of at least 10 points deterioration of the QoL score compared to the QoL score at baseline, without later improvement of more than 10 points compared to the QoL score at baseline, or death [25]. As an exploratory manner, univariate and multivariate Cox regression models for the 5 targeted-dimensions will be performed.

As part of sensitivity analysis, these analyses will be repeated using the “Inverse Probability of Treatment Weighting” technique of propensity score (by comparison of the profile of complete versus non-complete responders using the logistic regression model) and after the multiple imputations of the scores.

A difference of at least 10 points will be considered as the minimal clinically important difference (MCID). Analysis of sensitivity with a MCID of 5 points will be performed.

End of trial

This study will end once all 66 recruited patients have completed 3 years of follow-up or have died, whichever comes first. Every patient participating in this study can stop the trial at any moment, and have no need to justify the reason for this decision. In that case, patients will pursue the standard medical care.

The reason for an early end of the study must be declared as on of the following criterion: patient’s decision, severe adverse event, protocol deviation, lost of follow-up, or death.

As above specified, the study will be stopped early after first-stage analysis, and declared uninteresting if less than 3 among the first 21 enrolled patients are progression-free after 12 months from the first DCF cycle.

Monitoring and safety

A Data and Safety Monitoring Committee (DSMC) is implemented to safeguard participant safety. DSMC members are conformed by the study-independent pharmacovigilance department, methodologists, and the principal study investigator and coordinator.

This committee will perform meetings in case of potential safety signals in the study population detected by the pharmacovigilance department.

The information regarding adverse events (AEs) will be elicited at each contact with the participant, by appropriate questioning and examinations. All AEs will be declared if they occur between the signature of the consent form and 4 weeks after the last administration of the study treatment. AEs will also be recovered during the follow-up period if they are possibly related to the study, and at any time if they are possibly related to the study treatment.

The DSMC will perform an annual security report at each anniversary date from the study authorization delivery date by the French Health Products Safety Agency. This report will then be sent to the Committee for Protection of Persons in the 60 days following the authorization anniversary date.

Discussion

The recommended cisplatin and 5FU chemotherapy generates a low rate of CRs in advanced SCCA. Moreover, cisplatin–5FU combination failed to improve the clinical outcomes of non-previously pre-treated SCCA patients in two randomized clinical trials [7, 8]. The addition of docetaxel to cisplatin-5FU demonstrated an encouraging 50% of complete response rate suggesting a particular mechanism of taxanes to induce complete remission in advanced SCCA [20]. The DCF regimen was also effective in radiation-resistant SCCA, since 2 among 4 complete responders had relapsed lesions in previously irradiated fields. These observations are in line with the clinical efficacy reported in advanced SCCA patients with paclitaxel, another potent microtubule-stabilizing agent. Paclitaxel in monotherapy has shown to be active in CDDP–5FU refractory SCCA patients [26]. In this study, seven patients were treated with weekly paclitaxel after failure of CDDP and 5FU. Three partial responses and 1 CR were observed. In another study, paclitaxel was used in five metastatic patients and induced three partial responses [27]. The potential interest of paclitaxel combined with 5FU and carboplatin was also assessed in advanced squamous cell carcinoma from several origins [28]. Seven SCCA patients were included in this phase II clinical trial. Two partial and two CRs were reported with long remissions. Altogether, including the patients reported in our previous study, 30 advanced or metastatic SCCA patients were treated with a taxane-based chemotherapy. Seven of these patients (23.3%) treated in different institutions achieved either a CR or a long-lasting complete remission [20]. Then, our primary objective in Epitopes-HPV02 trial is the long-lasting response rate with DCF regimen, defined as progression-free at 12 months from the first DCF cycle, in ≥25% of patients. Our redaction committee has preferred PFS instead of CR since the response assessment by RECIST criteria could be difficult to perform in recurrent lesion on irradiated field, and because most progressions occur before 12 months in case of absence of CR.

Perspectives

Since 1996, no significant progress has been achieved in SCCA patients. The Epitopes-HPV02 study will establish a new standard in advanced SCCA patients in case of a positive result. Associated biomarker studies will provide an important opportunity to understand the underlying mechanism of resistance as well as the role of immunity associated with SCCA, which is mostly induced by HPV infection with a particular tumorigenesis.

Our trial could also provide the rational for immunotherapy and its combinations with chemo and radiotherapy in SCCA patients.

Abbreviations

5FU:

5-fluorouracil

CDDP:

Cisplatin

CF:

Cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil

CR:

Complete response

CRT:

Chemoradiotherapy

D:

Docetaxel

DCF:

Docetaxel, cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil

ECOG-PS:

Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group-performance status

HPV:

Human papilloma virus

mITT:

Modified intention to treat

MMC:

Mitomycin C

Modified DCF:

mDCF, docetaxel 40 mg/m2 day, CDDP 40 mg/m2 day and 5-FU at 1200 mg/m2/day for 2 days, every 2 weeks

OS:

Overall survival

PFS:

progression-free survival

QoL:

Health-related quality of life

SCCA:

Squamous cell carcinoma of the anus

Standard DCF:

DCF, docetaxel 75 mg/m2 day, CDDP 75 mg/m2 and 5FU at 750 mg/m2/day for 5 days, every 3 weeks

References

  1. National Cancer Institute. SEER cancer statistics factsheets: anal cancer. http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/anus.html. Accessed 7 May 2016.

  2. Nelson RA, Levine AM, Bernstein L, Smith DD, Lai LL. Changing patterns of Anal Canal carcinoma in the United States. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31:1569–75.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Julie DR, Goodman KA. Advances in the Management of Anal Cancer. Curr Oncol Rep. 2016;18:20–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Ghosn M. Anal cancer treatment: current status and future perspectives. WJG. 2015;21:2294–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Bartelink H, Roelofsen F, Eschwege F, Rougier P, Bosset JF, Gonzalez DG, et al. Concomitant radiotherapy and chemotherapy is superior to radiotherapy alone in the treatment of locally advanced anal cancer: results of a phase III randomized trial of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of cancer radiotherapy and gastrointestinal cooperative groups. J Clin Oncol. 1997;15:2040–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Epidermoid anal cancer: results from the UKCCCR randomised trial of radiotherapy alone versus radiotherapy, 5-fluorouracil, and mitomycin. UKCCCR Anal Cancer Trial Working Party. UK Co-ordinating Committee on Cancer Research. Lancet. 1996;348:1049–54.

  7. Peiffert D, Tournier-Rangeard L, Gérard J-P, Lemanski C, François E, Giovannini M, et al. Induction chemotherapy and dose intensification of the radiation boost in locally advanced anal canal carcinoma: final analysis of the randomized UNICANCER ACCORD 03 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:1941–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Gunderson LL, Winter KA, Ajani JA, Pedersen JE, Moughan J, Benson AB, et al. Long-term update of US GI intergroup RTOG 98-11 phase III trial for anal carcinoma: survival, relapse, and colostomy failure with concurrent Chemoradiation involving fluorouracil/Mitomycin versus fluorouracil/Cisplatin. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:4344–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. James RD, Glynne-Jones R, Meadows HM, Cunningham D, Myint AS, Saunders MP, et al. Mitomycin or cisplatin chemoradiation with or without maintenance chemotherapy for treatment of squamous-cell carcinoma of the anus (ACT II): a randomised, phase 3, open-label, 2x2 factorial trial. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14:516–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Ajani JA, Winter KA, Gunderson LL, Pedersen J, Benson AB III, Thomas CR Jr, et al. Prognostic factors derived from a prospective database dictate clinical biology of anal cancer. Cancer. 2010;116:4007–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Glynne-Jones R, Nilsson PJ, Aschele C, Goh V, Peiffert D, Cervantes A, et al. Anal cancer: ESMO-ESSO-ESTRO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. EJSO. 2014;40:1165–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Dewdney A, Rao S. Metastatic Squamous cell carcinoma of the anus: time for a shift in the treatment paradigm? ISRN Oncology. 2012;2012:1–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Faivre C, Rougier P, Ducreux M, Mitry E, Lusinchi A, Lasser P, et al. Carcinome épidermoïde métastatique de l’anus : étude rétrospective de l’efficacité de l’association de 5-fluoro-uracile en perfusion continue et de cisplatine. Bull Cancer. 1999;86:861–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Benson AB III, Venook AP, Bekail-Saab T, Chan E, Chen Y-J. Analcarcinoma, version2. 2016: featured updates to the NCCN guidelines. https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/anal.pdf. Accessed 7 May 2016.

  15. Ajani JA, Winter KA, Gunderson LL, Pedersen J, Benson AB, Thomas CR, et al. Fluorouracil, mitomycin, and radiotherapy vs fluorouracil, cisplatin, and radiotherapy for carcinoma of the anal canal: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008;299:1914–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Wahl AF, Donaldson KL, Faircnild C, Lee FYF, Foster SA, Demers GW, et al. Loss of normal p53 function confers sensitization to Taxol by increasing G2/M arrest and apoptosis. Nat Med. 1996;2:72–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Scheffner M, Werness BA, Huibregtse JM, Levine AJ, Howley PM. The E6 oncoprotein encoded by human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 promotes the degradation of p53. Cell. 1990;63:1129–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Senovilla L, Vitale I, Martins I, Tailler M, Pailleret C, Michaud M, et al. An immunosurveillance mechanism controls cancer cell ploidy. Science. 2012;337:1678–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Lorch JH, Goloubeva O, Haddad RI, Cullen K, Sarlis N, Tishler R, et al. Induction chemotherapy with cisplatin and fluorouracil alone or in combination with docetaxel in locally advanced squamous-cell cancer of the head and neck: long-term results of the TAX 324 randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2011;12:153–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Kim S, Jary M, Mansi L, Benzidane B, Cazorla A, Demarchi M, et al. DCF (docetaxel, cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil) chemotherapy is a promising treatment for recurrent advanced squamous cell anal carcinoma. Ann Oncol. 2013;24:3045–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Zitvogel L, Galluzzi L, Smyth MJ, Kroemer G. Mechanism of action of conventional and targeted anticancer therapies: reinstating immunosurveillance. Immunity. 2013;39:74–88.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Simon R. Optimal two-stage designs for phase II clinical trials. Control Clin Trials. 1989;10:1–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Adotevi O. Immunogenic HLA-B*0702-restricted Epitopes derived from human telomerase reverse transcriptase that elicit antitumor Cytotoxic T-cell responses. Clin Cancer Res. 2006;12:3158–67.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Godet Y, Fabre E, Dosset M, Lamuraglia M, Levionnois E, Ravel P, et al. Analysis of spontaneous tumor-specific CD4 T-cell immunity in lung cancer using promiscuous HLA-DR telomerase-derived epitopes: potential synergistic effect with chemotherapy response. Clin Cancer Res. 2012;18:2943–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Bonnetain F, Dahan L, Maillard E, Ychou M, Mitry E, Hammel P, et al. Time until definitive quality of life score deterioration as a means of longitudinal analysis for treatment trials in patients with metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Eur J Cancer. 2010;46:2753–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Abbas A, Nehme E, Fakih M. Single-agent paclitaxel in advanced anal cancer after failure of cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy. Anticancer Res. 2011;3112:4637–40.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Alcindor T. Activity of paclitaxel in metastatic squamous anal carcinoma. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2008;237:717.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Hainsworth JD, Burris HA, III, Meluch AA, et al. Paclitaxel, carboplatin, and long-term continuous infusion of 5-fluorouracil in the treatment of advanced squamous and other selected carcinomas: results of a phase II trial. Cancer. 2001;923:642–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Guadalupe Inés Tizon for English writing assistance.

Funding

The trial is partly funded by a research grant from the University Hospital of Besançon. The funding body has no role in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Trial status

The fist patient was included in September 17, 2014 after all legal approvals required in France were achieved. The current recruitment rate is above scheduled.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Besançon, Besançon, France

    Stefano Kim, Marine Jary, Thierry Nguyen & Christophe Borg

  2. Clinical Investigational Center, CIC-1431, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France

    Stefano Kim, Marine Jary, Marion Jacquin & Christophe Borg

  3. INSERM, Unit 1098, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France

    Stefano Kim, Marine Jary, Franck Bonnetain & Christophe Borg

  4. Groupe Coopérateur Multidisciplinaire en Oncologie (GERCOR) Oncology Multidisciplinary Group, Besançon, France

    Stefano Kim, Marine Jary, Thierry André, François-Clément Bidard & Christophe Borg

  5. Fédération Francophone de Cancérologie Digestive (FFCD), Dijon, France

    Stefano Kim, Véronique Vendrely, Bruno Buecher, Olivier Bouché, Franck Bonnetain & Christophe Borg

  6. Hôpital Saint Antoine, Paris, France

    Thierry André & Sarah Dumont

  7. Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France

    Véronique Vendrely & Denis Smith

  8. Institut Curie, Paris, France

    Bruno Buecher & François-Clément Bidard

  9. Centre Antoine-Lacassagne, Nice, France

    Eric François

  10. Institut du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France

    Emmanuelle Samalin

  11. Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine, Nancy, France

    Didier Peiffert

  12. Hôpital européen Georges-Pompidou, Paris, France

    Simon Pernot

  13. Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint-Joseph, Paris, France

    Nabil Baba-Hamed

  14. Centre Oscar Lambret, Lille, France

    Farid El Hajbi

  15. Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Reims, France

    Olivier Bouché

  16. Hôpital privé Jean Mermoz, Lyon, France

    Jérôme Desrame

  17. Centre François Baclesse, Caen, France

    Aurélie Parzy

  18. Hôpital Privé des Peupliers, Paris, France

    Mustapha Zoubir

  19. Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, Paris, France

    Christophe Louvet

  20. Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France

    Jean-Baptiste Bachet

  21. Polyclique de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France

    Thierry Nguyen

  22. Centre Paul Strauss, Strasbourg, France

    Meher Ben Abdelghani

  23. Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France

    Christelle De La Fouchardière

  24. Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny, France

    Thomas Aparicio

  25. Institut de Cancérologie de l’Ouest, Nantes, France

    Jaafar Bennouna

  26. Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France

    Jean-Marc Gornet

  27. Cancéropôle Grand Est, Besançon, France

    Marion Jacquin

  28. Methodology and Quality of Life in Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France

    Franck Bonnetain

  29. French National Platform Quality of Life and Cancer, Besançon, France

    Franck Bonnetain

  30. Department of Oncology, Jean Minjoz University Teaching Hospital, 3 Boulevard Alexander Fleming, F-25030, Besancon, France

    Stefano Kim

Authors
  1. Stefano Kim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Marine Jary
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Thierry André
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Véronique Vendrely
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Bruno Buecher
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Eric François
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. François-Clément Bidard
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Sarah Dumont
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Emmanuelle Samalin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Didier Peiffert
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Simon Pernot
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Nabil Baba-Hamed
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Farid El Hajbi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. Olivier Bouché
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  15. Jérôme Desrame
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  16. Aurélie Parzy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  17. Mustapha Zoubir
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  18. Christophe Louvet
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  19. Jean-Baptiste Bachet
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  20. Thierry Nguyen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  21. Meher Ben Abdelghani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  22. Denis Smith
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  23. Christelle De La Fouchardière
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  24. Thomas Aparicio
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  25. Jaafar Bennouna
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  26. Jean-Marc Gornet
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  27. Marion Jacquin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  28. Franck Bonnetain
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  29. Christophe Borg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Conception and design: SK, CB. Protocol writing: SK, MJ, MJac, FB, CB. Methods: FB. Study promotion: SK, TA, VV, CB. Patients inclusion and materials provision: SK, MJ, TA, VV, BB, EF, F-CB, SD, ES, DP, SP, NB-H, FEH, OB, JD, AP, MZ, CL, J-BB, TN, MBA, DS, CDLF, TA, JB, J-MG, CB. Manuscript writing: SK, MJ, FB, CB. Critical lecture and final approval of the manuscript: all authors.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Stefano Kim.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

This trial is performed in conformity with the French public health law n° 2004–806 of August 9th 2004 concerning the biomedical researches, and with the regulatory decree n° 2006–477 of April 26th 2006. The investigators and the promoter compromise themselves to follow the good clinical practice (GCP) recommendations on biomedical researches on pharmaceuticals for human use, as mentioned in the article L. 1121–3 of public health law and the ministerial order of April 23rd 2004.

Before the start of the study, each patient is informed by the investigator, in writing as well as verbally, about the nature and implications of the proposed study, and chiefly of the possible benefits and risks for their health, having this notice been previously approved by the Committee for the Protection of Persons. The patients then have at least 48 h for reflexion on the topic. Consequently, the patients document their approval by signing the informed consent form before any intervention or procedure specified in the protocol. Both, the investigator and the patient, sign the consent form, and each part saves one example.

The study was approved by the independent “Est-II French Committee for Protection of Persons” (June 6, 2014) and by the French Health Products Safety Agency (July 15, 2014). The University Hospital of Besançon is the legal sponsor of this trial. The trial was registered at the European Clinical Trials database (EudraCT: 2014–001789-81; April 24, 2014). Thus, the trial has fully completed all required procedures to start patient enrolment in France. The first center was activated in September 17, 2014. The trial was then registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02402842; November 27, 2014).

The originals of all central documents of the study will be placed in an archive at the major study center for at least 15 years, including a patient identification list, the original data of medical source records, the original signed informed consent forms and copies of the general study documentation, adverse-event declarations and source documents, as well as treatment prescription information. These documents will be available for evaluation and/or audits by competent authorities and the promoter.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kim, S., Jary, M., André, T. et al. Docetaxel, Cisplatin, and 5-fluorouracil (DCF) chemotherapy in the treatment of metastatic or unresectable locally recurrent anal squamous cell carcinoma: a phase II study of French interdisciplinary GERCOR and FFCD groups (Epitopes-HPV02 study). BMC Cancer 17, 574 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-017-3566-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-017-3566-0

Keywords

BMC Cancer

ISSN: 1471-2407

Contact us